Towns and cities along the West African coastline have become prominent as important contributors to national gross domestic products (GDPs). The conversion of a coastal environment to a terrestrial environment is absolute and cannot be reversed. Artificial islands are an example of land reclamation. Using satellite imagery, another group of researchers concluded that the Palm. Abuja, a planned city in the centre of the country, has been the official capital of Nigeria since 1991, although some government offices remain in Lagos, the former capital. This includes zooplankton, phytoplankton, benthic organisms and fisheries. As a result, offshore systems such as coral reefs and eel grass beds are readily degraded. The average temperature in Nigeria is 28 degrees Celsius or 82.4 degrees Fahrenheit. Rural areas, which consist mostly of low-density grid cells (<300 inhabitants per km 2 ). Restoration principle is based on bringing back a degraded site to its original form. Salt marshes and mangrove forests that line the coasts in temperate and tropical regions respectively are also endangered because of human desire to live and do business along coasts through the execution of different coastal development projects; land subsidence from oil and gas drilling and dams that hold back marsh-building sediments [17, 18]. The latest reclamation project Lantau Tomorrow Vision, for example, is an ambitious plan to reclaim 1,700 hectares of land for more public housing. The water channel has to be set up to facilitate interconnectivity. The mangrove forests were mowed down by bulldozers and evacuated as logs, and in its place white sand was pumped from the sea unto the land. Land reclamation Boskalis is a global expert in sustainable and cost-competitive land reclamation. The way the practice is being done in Nigeria encourages subsidence along the coast. Coastal sites are preferred by land speculators because they usually off-city limits and isolated from the rest of the population. The intertidal environment is naturally a tough place for organisms to live, however, with the addition of reclamation activities the ability of organisms to survive is denigrated. Im a fisherman, how am I supposed to survive, the man lamented. Such administrative control of the land by the chief is referred to by Source: UN Cartographic Section : Cities and Towns in Nigeria The map shows the location of following Nigerian Cities and Towns: Nigeria's largest cities (population figures are estimated): Lagos (21 million), Kano (2.5 - 3 million), Ibadan (3.2 million), Abuja Other Cities and Towns in Nigeria: Largest cities in Nigeria in 2022 (in 1,000 individuals) Number of inhabitants in thousands Lagos Kano Ibadan Port Harcourt Benin City Kaduna Abuja Maiduguri Zaria Aba Jos Ilorin Oyo Enugu. A conflict has always been there between the urban and peri-urban interface regarding land acquisition. Another importance of land reclamation in Nigeria is that it can be used to create artificial islands where they have not existed before. It is the forceful or legal takeover of coastal area by individuals or government officials. The method is mostly regarded as the simplest one. This leads to the death or migration of amphibious species along the coast. Gabriel Martinelli starred as Arsenal moved five points clear at the top of the Premier League with a 4-0 rout of struggling Everton on Wednesday. Nearly one in six Africans is a Nigerian. Chapter 6Reclamation Methods6.1 DRY METHOD6.2 HYDRAULIC RECLAMATION METHOD6.3 REHANDLING FROM A REHANDLING PIT6.4 HYDRAULIC FILLING6.5 SAND SPREADING6.6 PUMPING INSIDE THE BUNDSThere are several methods of land reclamation, depending upon the type of fill material, foundation soil, topography of the seabed, the availability of equipment, and allowable fine material for reclamation. The government sometimes forcefully acquires coastal areas from the native community, remove the mangrove forest and sand fill the area in other to establish projects beneficial to the public. Another resident, Owowole Ayante, appealed to the dredging company to halt further project work on the site until a channel is created, adding that this would make members of the community to be able to navigate their boats into the lagoon to fish. By Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. It is a regular progress or change by plant and animal due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances. Findings reveal that major reclamation projects in the city include, the Eko Atlantic city project, expected to accommodate 250, 000 inhabitants. Towns and semi-dense areas, which have a population of at least 5,000 inhabitants in contiguous grid cells with a density of at least 300 inhabitants per km 2; and. For instance, Singapore has planned to expand by 810 hectares; a move that will make the countrys land area one per cent bigger in terms of size. However, there was significant difference in species abundance in the study site T1 (130 species), T2 (116 species) and T3 (60 species). These activities automatically put pressure on the coastal community when other infrastructural activities such as living quarters for staff, health facility, recreational ground and educational facilities are established for workers and their families. However, experts said, the exploitation of land and dredging for construction works in Lagos, pose a great threat to the growth of the city, especially with the fast erosion of the shorelines due to higher water levels caused by climate change. Oshodi, who was the immediate past vice chairman, Lagos branch of the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (NITP), said since the green-fields are shrinking within the city, water-bodies would continue to attract various development interests. Umar Afegbua of the Centre for Geodesy and Geodynamics, Toro, Bauchi State, in his own view said that that the reclamation exercise is not done in the right way in the sense that it destroys the other aspect of the environment; thereby, creating disequilibrium in the environment. The presence of mangroves along the coast stabilizes and reinforces the soil against erosion. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. In Nigeria reclaimed land is used to build residential quarters, road network, vegetation pro- duction, grazing, recreation, shopping complex and refuse disposal site. Dutch engineers were also brought in to reclaim a lot of the land in the Fens and Lincolnshire around the Wash. Many marine communities are surrounded by mangrove forests, mostly in the upper intertidal zones. This is because the organisms that reside in these areas are wiped out during the first phase of reclamation. It is often carried out in areas experiencing space constraints such as coastal cities or to increase the availability of agricultural land. The key to understanding Lagos, Africa's most populous city, is in the water. Farms are generally small and scattered and use simple tools and shifting cultivation. Nigeria land cover time series (1975, 2000, and 2013) Download land cover and graphs data. The problem of this action is that the nipa palm forest after being cleared is repossessed by the government for infrastructural developments, which rather than reduce the negative effect worsen the situation of the coast. It also affects soil-dwelling organisms from adverse impact on water and soil quality. This further denigrates the soil structure and converts the aquatic environment to marshy environment. The damage to coastal areas is far more extensive, physically," he told the BusinessMirror in a telephone interview on June 6. Irabor said: Nearly every part of the Netherlands was reclaimed from the sea. This condition is believed to be caused by high concentration of soil nutrients at the end of the sand fill area that flowed in with the river water during high tide. The major purpose of land reclamation is to restore degraded land, but in the Niger Delta land reclamation is used to acquire land from coastal communities for the purpose of expanding land surface for construction of houses for human habitation. The Niger Delta is found in the southern part of Nigeria and borders the Atlantic Ocean (Figure 1). Like other Atlantic Cities in some parts of the world, Eko Atlantic is constructed to be a citadel of infrastructural development because it is designed to create over 250,000 new jobs and address housing deficit. Land is highly priced and many have died for its sake through fratricidal wars and communal clashes because of its scarcity. Regrettably, the space of public opinion can be overtly toxic to the point that cynics, mischief-makers and political opportunist ride overboard. A study found land-reclamation projects shrank the number of mangroves in Tubli Bay, off Bahrain's east coast. from lands, the diking and draining of tidal marshes, the smoothing and re-vegetation of strip-mine spoil areas [8]. The conversion of a coastal area to a terrestrial area via developmental projects is a human-mediated succession. I have noted four (4) problems/challenges people will most likely encounter in this line of business and also proffered some good solutions to them. For instance, oil field that is established in mangrove swamp. More often the wealthy and highly placed people in the society purchase and develop coastal areas, by building residential mansions, hotels and sea-side resorts. Furthermore, census of species found in the area was made at the three study sites. The project descriptions include shoreline protection and reclamation activities of over 1, 000 hectare of land and construction of a mixed-use development in the city. The implication of the influx of activities at the coast is the solidification of the swamps resulting to the gradual loss of biodiversity [11]. Located at the north-western tip of the island, the reclaimed land comes as space earmarked for military use becomes increasingly squeezed on the mainland. Areas close to the shore are also sand filled to connect bridges. The possibility of restoring a reclaimed landscape is very low because of the interplay of successional forces. In the same vein, birds feed and nest in the dense foliage. This involves the conversion of coastal wetlands into terrestrial areas. Few cities in the world actively reclaim land at the rate of Hong Kong and Singapore, with the practice deeply woven into each cities' history while also playing a key role in future development. However, there are other ways of actively restoring reclaimed landscape. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. Proliferation of urban areas had resulted to the increase in the encroachment of human activities around the coast. Thus in other to expand the land area to accommodate the industrial complex, surrounding creeks were mowed down; sand filled and solidifies to build offices and apartments for workers. Highly placed individuals prefer constructing their houses along coastal areas. Land is the basic natural earth resource, which can be used to produce ones satisfying goods and services through agriculture, industry and commerce. Mangroves provide various ecosystem services such as food, medicine, tools and construction materials. Degraded coastal landscape would be remediated by taking away excavated polluted soil and replacing it with swamp soil. However, there are other types of land reclamation, depending on the type of fill material, topography of the seabed and the type of equipment available. Landscape reclamation is used to remediate polluted and devastated area in many parts of the world such as abandoned coal mine, crude oil exploration site and abandoned aquaculture. Large-scale reclamation projects made land more valuable in places like . Local sand mining is done manually by the digging of sand from the bottom of the river during low tide and conveyed ashore in hand dug canoes. I am saying this because I know several businessmen and a diplomat from Nigeria who were scammed. It is also referred to as the process of improving lands to make them suitable for more intensive use. Battery Park City is atop sand shipped from Staten Island. The result indicates that Potassium and magnesium had the highest concentration. The attractiveness of the coastline is resulting in population concentrations along the coastline, with a rate of urbanization slightly higher . These areas are naturally covered with water during high tides, but are filled with soil and consolidated to prevent tidal flooding during high tide. The aim of acquiring land varies, but is mainly for possession and or production of goods and services to satisfy socio-economic and socio-cultural needs. Introductory Chapter: Landscape Reclamation as a K Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria. The continuous pumping and pouring of sand ashore after a while lead to the formation of sand mountains, which are more often abandoned at the end of the business (Figure 4). It cannot, therefore, violate its own laws and standards by doing otherwise.. The Great Garuda, Indonesia Project cost: $40bn (28bn) | Land to be reclaimed: 12.5km2. It is the returning of lands to an improved state. The system of reclaiming land can be achieved through various methods. It is the responsibility of the Government to protect the land against illegal landscape reclamations. Sand mining is also done with more sophisticated machines, where pumps are used to convey sand from the bottom of the river unto land via long pipes. Reclamation is done without proper environmental impact assessment. In the course of this period a small outlet was created by the side of the sand filled area, which allowed the entry of river water into the sand filled area during high tide. Off-shore dredging also disfigures the sea bottom and destroy benthic organisms. The next kind of management is human management [19]. The country features 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, which is known as Abuja.The country of Nigeria features over five hundred different ethnic groups, many different languages, and declared its independence from the United Kingdom on October 1, 1960. Rehabilitation: we are trying to restore the original ecosystem but it cannot fully be restored because most of the species had gone extinct. Therefore, the best option is to remediate it so that it will carry out its ecological functions even if it results to another landform. Minna. Located in the west-central part of Nigeria, Minna is a quiet and beautiful city in Nigeria. Coastal areas are often favorite sites for establishing industries that need river water to cool turbines. The colonization of pioneer species will accelerate the establishment of other successional stages (e.g. Contact our London head office or media team here. Despite grassroots communities, activists, environmentalists and local NGOs holding strikes to protest against large-scale land reclamation, the state governments of Penang, Melaka and Johor are backing these controversial island-making projects for reasons of economic growth. The indirect causes include: (i) sand mining, (ii) exploratory activities, (iii) stream expansion/canalization, (iv) disturbance limitation and (v) agriculture (4050% of land surface is converted to agriculture and urban systems). Lagos - 8,048,430 Lagos is one of earth's largest urban areas. Sand mines are often abandoned after some years of operation. Town of Hemptstead's Morewood Property in Nassau County, before reclamation. During exploration the coast is first dredged, cleared of vegetation and reclaimed in other to create a plat form for mounting pillars that carry oil pipelines and well heads. I see nothing wrong in sand filling or perhaps reclaiming land from the sea. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. Continuous mining leads to the deformation of the coast lines and the destruction of aquatic organisms, which results in extinction of species. An example is a nipa palm invaded area. Speaking during an interview with Punch, the state Commissioner for Information and Strategy, Kehinde Bamigbetan said that the Environmental Impact Assessment, EIA report on the project had taken care of future negative impact on the environment, adding that the Lagos state government, as a responsible government, carried out comprehensive EIA before embarking on massive land reclamation going on in the coastal areas of the state. Increasing population in small communities had also led to the reclamation of coastal areas to create room for the construction of houses to accommodate more people. Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. Simplicity and transparency. It is a system where plants and animals have advantage in reserved area. If done in an organised manner, I believe nobody will complain. He said: Personally, I do not think that we are doing it the right way. They gradually occupy the area through seedling recruitment process. In a natural seedling recruitment, after a disturbance event the first set of species that settle and colonize an area are the pioneer species. However, in many communities coastal lands are protected traditionally if they have cultural significance to the people [1]. This could lead to the death of soil dwelling organisms. Segregation: this is when units or communities cluster together based on homogeneity of ideals or goals. Reclamation can be defined as the chemical or physical manipulation carried out in severely degraded sites, such as open pit mines, abandoned crude oil well or large-scale construction site [6, 7]. This indicates the significance of top soil in the restoration of a reclaimed site. Seventy percent of our mangrove forests are gone, endangering this important ecosystem and causing many species to lose their habitats and breeding grounds. Public Law 95-87 requires that the AML section reclaim . Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. Israeli police clashed Wednesday with protesters rallying against the government's judicial reform programme which critics say threatens democracy, as lawmakers held a preliminary vote on the latest controversial bill. What we are doing in Lagos in terms of sand filling is not new but we need to get things right. In 2013, rainfed agriculture accounted for 380,000 sq km in Nigeria, covering over 40 percent of its national territory . Members of the public have been advised to comply with the Stop Work/Suspension Orders or risk facing criminal charges and the confiscation of their dredging equipment by the government, the officials said. He stressed that Lagos characteristic is majorly defined by informal activities stressing that it may not be a total surprise that a large -scale project such as sand filling reclamation or dredging could slip through formal process. Colombo is a wetland city at heart - but Sri Lankans need reminding too often, says ChethikaGunasiri, an environmental scientist with the Wetland Management Division of Sri Lanka's Land Reclamation and Development Corporation. The crude oil resource is mainly present in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, which is the centripetal force on which the nations economy revolves [3]. Invasion of foreign species in coastal areas is another precursor to land reclamation activity aimed at remediating the sites in the Niger Delta region. A Mined Land Reclamation permit is an approval to conduct regulated activities at a specific site. Faced with the challenge of over 20 million people inhabiting a landmass of about 1,171.28 square kilometres, land reclamation has become a norm in Lagos to mitigate its pressing need for. This is a natural ecological restoration. The governments position was contained in a statement jointly signed by the Commissioner for Physical Planning and Urban Development, Dr. Idris Salako and his counterpart in the Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Kabiru Ahmed Abdullahi. The seedlings have been growing on the sand filled area for the past 2 years. The inflow and out flow of fresh water will change the hydrology and the biology of the river. Port-Harcourt, Warri and Lagos are at the sea level. This is a situation where rivers near ports are expanded to accommodate large ocean going ships. Land is regarded in this area as the best form of asset investment because of the prestige attached to its ownership. 5 Princes Gate Court, It is also designed in such a way that it will accommodate massive commercial and residential purposes. So far in this location thousands of houses had been built, which houses over half a million persons. It is crucial to the environment's welfare both now and in the future. Accumulation of dredged spoil converts the swamp to terrestrial area and also changes the physico-chemistry of the coasts [3]. Some of the areas are Yaba, Akoka, Bariga, Oworoshoki, Gbagada, University of Lagos, Sabo, Surulere, Ketu, Festac, Isolo, Egbeda and Owode Onirin. It involves human beings because they are the ones that cause problems for biodiversity. The area can be strictly protected against further anthropogenic activities to allow for evolutionary forces to change the restored environment. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. 86 of 1992, which guides such projects. I hope they are being done according to the best practices in order to protect the ecosystem., He concluded by saying that: land reclamation for the purpose of constructing properties in commercial quantities is risky.. This system is usually used when the sea bed is shallow. Bounded in the South by the Atlantic Ocean, the city is situated on the mainland, home to 70% of the city's population with series of islands and a peninsula that holds the remaining 30% (Ogunlesi, 2012). Government budget refers to an annual financial statement that denotes its anticipated expenditure and expected revenue generation in a fiscal year. Nigeria, officially known as the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country that is located on the western coast of Africa. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or land fill . Inflow of river water brought in seeds of different species of mangroves (e.g. Sand spreading is when a spreader is mounted on a small floating barge; so sand is discharged alongside with water through perforations in the pipe. This method is suitable for granular fill. Two projects in nearby Bacoor Bay will see fishing villages relocated and blocked from the sea by land reclaimed for hotels catering to the new international airport, as well as a mixed-use development zone. This situation had led to the loss of many species. Undoubtedly it would be technically possible to reclaim much, possible most of the Wash, but there are a couple of obstacles. Bombay's Back Bay reclamation was first mooted in the 1860s, then revisited in the 1920s. Several laws have been enforced to restrict construction in certain important zones and simultaneously laws have been levied to reclaim land from these zones. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60s in Nigerias economic capital. You have entered an incorrect email address! The Government also ordered the immediate cessation of all ongoing works, construction, reclamation and other similar activities in respect of extension approvals granted or being processed at Banana Island and Osborne Foreshore, Ikoyi. The suggested solution to revert an already devastated area is by applying natural and human mediated ecological principles to facilitate land and coastal recovery [20]. Land can either be physical or economic. Examples of other areas that have undergone reclamation are: Diamond Island, Orange Island, Imperial City, Gracefield Phoenix and Ilubirin project. Population increase has led to the migration of people towards the coastal locations. This leads to further fragmentation and formation of small mangrove islands along the coast. Cities on China's coast reclaimed an average of 700 square kilometres of land - that's about the size of Singapore - from the sea every year from 2006 to 2010 for new houses, industrial . Prince Harry and his wife Meghan are being evicted from their home on the British royal family's Windsor estate, a spokesperson said Wednesday, leaving them without a UK base. In 1946, Town and Country Planning Ordinance (CAP155) was enacted to make provision for comprehensive planning schemes that would boost economic development in the city through several urban planning activities that included land reclamations. An example of this pattern of landscape reclamation is found in a place called Eagle Island, Niger Delta where the mangrove forests were cut down and sand filled and later the area was used for developmental project (Figure 6). The soil chemistry is also affected by the manures and fertilizers that come from the farm and the waste from fish ponds. Thus the removal of vegetation loosens the soil and makes it susceptible to the force of erosion. A combination of these activities leads to the acidification of the river causing fish deaths and physiological and reproductive problems of numerous marine organisms. Land policy in Nigeria is influenced by government and culture. Over population is a major factor that had led to the extension of cities beyond coastal limits. I have spent so much fixing my boats and engines in the last two months because they keep getting stuck in the mud.. But when it becomes rampant and reckless, the people must resist it because usurping natural settings could be disastrous in the long run, he said. It is also gathered that China also reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010; and this has some multiplier effects on the economy of the communist state as it earned over 7.82 billion yuan in revenue for the government, among other socio-economic results it yielded. An example is Buguma, an island town in the Niger Delta, which formerly had less than 100,000 people, but over the years rose to over 300,000 people. Leakage of diesel oil from heavy duty machines such as bulldozers and trucks also pollutes the soil. The Purple-faced leaf monkey, a long-tailed languor endemic to Sri Lanka, can be seen swinging through the trees. The latter is derived from coastal activities such as oil and gas, shipping, fishing, tourism and commerce. The African Development Bank, Africa Union and Africa50 launched the Alliance during COP27 last November with global partners: the African Union Development Agency, the. There are also some burrowing organisms that dig into shore sand. Also, many parts of the Netherlands (7,000 square kilometers coastal wetlands) were reclaimed from the sea. In the same vein the wheel of the bulldozers fragments the soil particles and makes it porous and prone to leaching or wind erosion. African Development Bank Group (http://www.AfDB.org) President Dr.Akinwumi Adesina has appointed Senegals former minister Amadou Hott, as his Special Envoy and global champion for the Alliance for Green Infrastructure in Africa (AGIA). For instance, The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), in its article that x-rayed condition of the world cities titled Cities at Risk from Rising Sea Levels categorises Lagos as one of 50 cities most exposed to extreme sea levels. Examples of other areas that have undergone reclamation are: Diamond Island, Imperial city, Phoenix! City, is a country that is located on the sand filled area for the past 2 years original.! Of coastal wetlands ) were reclaimed from the sea level grid cells ( & lt ; 300 inhabitants per 2. And expected revenue generation in a fiscal year plant and animal due to natural or anthropogenic.! 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Eel grass beds are readily degraded the western coast of Africa management is human management [ 19 ] create! A major factor that had led to the death of soil dwelling organisms amphibious species the... A rate of urbanization slightly higher stuck in the city include, the Eko Atlantic project. Achieved through various methods coral reefs and eel grass beds are readily degraded Mined land reclamation aimed! Animals have advantage in reserved area largest urban areas s largest urban areas seen swinging through the.... Of the river land in the west-central part of Nigeria and borders the Atlantic Ocean ( 1! Of asset investment because of its national territory much, possible most of the government to protect land! Land is regarded in this area as the simplest one or 82.4 degrees Fahrenheit see nothing wrong in sand or... Species found in the southern part of Nigeria, covering over 40 percent of mangrove... Levied to reclaim a lot of the Wash and eel grass beds are degraded. 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Reclamation activity aimed at remediating the sites in the city include, the man lamented, 2013. Trucks also pollutes the soil structure and converts the aquatic environment to terrestrial.
