person with balanced humors is not "a pipe for Fortune's finger," nor is he "passion's slave." This (V. What a person ate was thought to change the balance of these humors, and even specific flavors were thought to influence humors. It was classified among other types of mental illness of its time, like mania, phrenitis, frenzy, lunacy and demoniacal possession. This schema provided an explanation of health with vast potential not previously available in ancient times. The medieval humors drew from the Greek humoral theory and understandings of the humors contributed directly to how patients were treated. Most people would have relied on traditional remedies made out of what they could pick in the forest or grow themselves. It is fascinating to recognize that during Hippocrates lifetime in the 4th century. "but essential to interpreting Elizabethan drama, especially the late-16th century genre known as the "comedy of humours" cf. The four humorsblack bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegmrepresented different qualities: while black bile was cold and dry and yellow bile was hot and dry, blood was hot and wet and phlegm . If a. i. Arikha, N. (2007). The way doctors would rid you of your excess humours would probably not be recommended today though: enemas, vomiting and especially bloodletting were common treatments for a wide range of conditions. Develop an analytical argument in which they assess the significance of Hamlet's melancholy. He is working on his PhD. succeed. By Erika Mills ~ English poet and playwright William Shakespeare (1564-1616) created characters that are among the richest and most recognizable in all of literature. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. The four "humours" were bodily fluids (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) and . Shakespeare was too The Significance of the Ghost in Armor Jones, Trans.). copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Madness does not lie this way. What were the humours according to the Theory of the Four Humours? The four humors are blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. The Herbal Academy neither endorses them nor is in any way responsible for their content. Hamlets sanity is one of the major themes in the play. Blood, the element of air (hot and moist), is the vital force of the body and the very essence of youth and health. +44 (0)20 7611 2222info@wellcomecollection.org, Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence, show credit information for image 'Figure representing one of the four temperaments', show credit information for image 'Kemble in the role of Hamlet', show credit information for image 'Groer Mariazeller Wunderaltar von 1519', show credit information for image 'Man working with plants', Figure representing one of the four temperaments, Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence. Falstaff imagined by artist Eduard von Grtzner, 1906. To cure an imbalance of yellow bile, patients were sometimes told to starve themselves. By this time, the Renaissance had spread to other European countries, and ideas about our ability to fully understand the human experience became more skeptical. The four major fluids in the bodyyellow bile, phlegm, black bile and bloodwhich the Greeks believed corresponded to the four elementsfire, water, earth and airin the universe. These four humours, from the Greek word. 185 BCE). of a pun: In nearly all his references to the condition of affairs in Denmark, Hamlet indulges in a grim, satirical humor. Article in The Hippocrates, like many ancient people, believed that health was determined by humoral balance. A healthy balance of this humour is thought to ensure appreciation of the arts and thoughtful introspection. Hamlet's Antic Disposition: Is Hamlet's Madness Real? He became so popular that Shakespeare later wrote him his own play,The Merry Wives of Windsor. No wonder Polonius does not know what to make of him and calls him mad, though recognizing the possibility that there may be some "method in't. Last Modified Date: February 20, 2023. In dealing with the present topic I find myself greatly indebted to this lecture by the distinguished actor and critic. Hamlet: Problem Play and Revenge Tragedy Osborn, D. (2015). As Hippocrates said, Grief and fear, when lingering, provoke melancholia (Hippocrates, 185/1931). English poet and playwright William Shakespeare (1564-1616) created characters that are among the richest and most recognizable in all of literature. Then he suggests that Rosencrantz is only "a sponge . Sources for Hamlet Just as we now believe that mental illnesses may in part be due to an imbalance of chemicals in the brain, Elizabethan doctors similarly believed that certain personality traits stemmed . At the beginning of a play, the heroes and heroines all have an excess, in differing amounts, of one of the humours. A visualization of the characteristics of each of the humours demonstrates its complexity: These characterizations of conditions and temperaments resemble the Ayurvedic doshas of pitta, vata, and kapha, which some scholars suggest were influenced by the theory of humours (Osborn, 2015). An excess of any of these humors was thought to produce temperaments that were sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholy respectively. . (W.H.S. The elements were also represented in the human body, being known as the four humours - choler, blood, phlegm and melancholy. It is this exuberant humor that reveals beyond doubt Hamlet's fundamental sanity. Humoral theory is based on beliefs that ancient civilizations developed thousands of years ago. The four humours are represented in Othello through the main characters of the tragedy. ), who greatly emphasized their validity in his extensive writings, thus establishing them as a dominant practice well into the Middle Ages (McKeown, 2017). This is of course deliberate: Shakespeare was always careful in choosing his words and they often carry a meaning beyond the obvious. Hed probably agree with fellow phlegmatic Sir Toby Belch: I am a great eater of beef, and I believe that does harm to my wit.. The word is quite rare in Shakespeares writing otherwise: in The Taming of the Shrew, a play without melancholics, the word is only used once. Hamlet's Relationship with the Ghost McKeown, J.C. (2017). , a major cultural shift was taking place in ancient Greece. In our role as herbalists to support the body using natures gifts, may we remember the wisdom given to us by our ancestral teachers. Hippocrates: Volume IV (W.H.S. Blood. He first Vomiting was also thought to help purge phlegm to restore balance to patients. IT . Herbs that support this imbalance include pungent, stimulating, and aromatic herbs, such fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), bay laurel(Laurus nobilis),fir(Picea abies),thyme(Thymus vulgaris),and hyssop(Hyssopus officinalis) (Osborn, 2015). It is challenging to determine the origin of this theory, as the writings of most ancient civilizations have been lost to time. Elizabethans believed that the balance of the four humors would keep them healthy. Retrieved from. Its a choice that has to be made in every production of it: how mad is he really? ), In the graveyard scene with the clowns Hamlet indulges freely in a grim and melancholy humor. Come explore. Besides Falstaff, who has the largest number of lines inHenry IV, they usually function in the subplot of the comedies, like the duos Sir Andrew Aguecheek and Sir Toby Belch inTwelfth Nightor Stephano and Trinculo inThe Tempest. Theres a daisy. Regarded by many as the father of Western (and some say Islamic) medicine. The humours (1) The humours each had associated physical and mental characteristics; the result was a system that was quite subtle in its capacity for describing types of personality. that soaks up the king's countenance, his rewards, his authorities. 13 chapters | Hippocratic method and the four humors [Blog Post]. Hamlet addresses frailty as though speaking to a human being. When these unconscionable spies come to him to inquire what he had done with the dead body of Polonius, he first answers: "Compounded it with dust, whereto 't is kin." As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Readers must do their own research concerning the safety and usage of any herbs or supplements. Another strong example of the use of humoral theory in Shakespeare's work is in Henry IV parts one and two. . If you have just a little too much of any of the humours, the positive aspects will shape your temperament, but if you have far too much then the bad sides will take over. Because black bile was produced in the brain, audiences likely understood Ophelia's madness as deriving directly from too much black bile. Black bile was considered cold and dry, and was related to . However, everyone hasa natural excess of one of the humours, which is what makes us all look unique and behave differently. Choler was primarily associated with summer. He has given Hamlet nearly all varieties of humor, from the playful to the sardonic. A later Greek physician, Galen, suggested that the humors could predict moods and temperaments. +44 (0)20 7611 2222info@wellcomecollection.org, Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence, show credit information for image 'William Shakespeare: profile. One indication that the humours were well-known in the Middle Ages can be seen in a quote from Shakespeare`sJulius Caesar(IV, 3) when Brutus exclaims to Cassius: Must I give way and room to your rash choler? One of the flowers that Ophelia talks about in her final speech is violets, which she says withered after her father's death. Shall I be frighted when a madman stares? (Arikha, 2007). Shakespeare was too good a judge of character and of human nature to mingle such humor with madness. His works contains a lot of information on the contemporary medical practices of the time, but they also show the social history of medicine: how medicine formed a part of peoples lives and thoughts. Hamlet's Antic Disposition: Is Hamlet's Madness Real? (V. ii. or bodily fluid, helped ancient healers effectively explain disease and help those seeking medical treatment with appropriate recommendations, becoming a practice that would survive well into the Middle Ages (Galen, 165-175/2003). Folger Shakespeare Library is the world's largest Shakespeare collection, the ultimate resource for exploring Shakespeare and his world. It was supposedly produced in the brain and was associated with the fall. The four temperament theory is a proto-psychological theory which suggests that there are four fundamental personality types: sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic. Melancholic people were instructed to avoid these foods and to instead eat sanguine foods like lamb, butter, sugar, basil, and other sweet things. In their pure state the elements were immortal, but when tampered with, death, decay and disease threatened. , the element of air (hot and moist), is the vital force of the body and the very essence of youth and health. To what extent is he just acting? Badger, 1916. All the temperaments have their good and bad sides. Many plants also represented something beyond their practical application and were used as symbols. Slightly phlegmatic people are kind, content and fair, which Falstaff is not. The four humors I have recently started reading up on Shakespeare as I have read and enjoyed romeo and juliet when i was in high school and I feel like my lack of knowledge of these famous works of literature is something that should be fixed, I recently finished A Midsummer Night's Dream, and now I am on Hamlet and I came across something I don't quite understand. It is fascinating to recognize that during Hippocrates lifetime in the 4th century BCE, a major cultural shift was taking place in ancient Greece. Hippocrates (460-370. Diet, age, gender, and the time of year were all thought to play an important role in humoral balances. It can be expressed as the dried blood found in stool, very dark urine, serious fevers caused by malaria, or, more abstractly, as constipation, bloating, and arthritis. A cabinet of ancient medical curiosities: Strange tales and surprising facts from the healing arts. From Aristotle to Hippocrates to Theophrastus to Dioscorides, there are many well-preserved texts by ancient Greek doctors, philosophers, and botanists that continue to support our understanding of the human body and the natural world. King Henry IV is melancholic and despondent. Today, the well-recognized ancient traditions of Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine remain instrumental as effective herbal practices. and will not tell him of his action of battery?" They were relied upon to determine if one of the three current standard practices for balancing the body induce vomiting, diarrhea, or bloodletting was appropriate for an individual, using herbs as the foundation for supporting the body. The exhibit uses materials from the historical collections of NLM to explore the prevailing belief of the . The key to good health (and being a good person) is to keep your humours in balance. Heat stimulated action, cold depressed it. Instead of seeking cures from gods and goddesses, who were often blamed for illness and to whom the sick begged for forgiveness, people began focusing more on medicine, philosophy, and the natural sciences for greater understanding of how the body worked. Shakespeare incorporated humoral theory into his work because it was a prevailing medical theory at the time. They are associated with sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic temperaments respectively. %%EOF Hysteria Symptoms & Historical Origin | What is Hysteria in Personality? Badger, 1916. Then to the skull he says: "Where be your gibes now? Plants could, like everything else around us, be divided into the four categories according to their qualities and effects on the human body: heating, chilling, drying or moisturising. (Original work published 165-175 CE), Gill, N.S. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/four-humors-112072. Hippocrates (460-370 BCE), known as the father of modern medicine and whose Hippocratic Oath continues to bind modern-day physicians to first do no harm, continues to serve as an iconic figure to the medical practitioner. HUMORALISM ( ebb-e jlinusi/ebb-e yunni ), or Galenism, a medical philosophy that considers illness as an imbalance in the body's four elemental humors ( a-hr el ), which are identified as blood ( un, dam ), phlegm ( balam ), yellow bile ( afr ), and black bile ( sawd ). 0 In Act IV, Scene 3 of Shakespeare's most famous play, Hamlet, the black humor of Hamlet's comments about the dead Polonius stem from his treatment of the serious issue of death in a . Suitable for use with AQA GCSE History: Health and the People: c1000 to the Present DayThis video explores the importance of Galen's Theory of the Four Humo. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. William Shakespeare: profile. Now of historic interest, the Four Humours may be evoked or listed as part of a non-mainstream therapeutic philosophy or system . English Review, November, 1916. A contemporary of Socrates (470BC - 399BC), mentioned in the writings of Plato (428BC - 348BC) and Aristotle (384BC - 322BC). (Original work published ca. Choleric people were quick to anger and highly irritable. Richard II is another tragedy with a melancholic leading character and earth is mentioned in it 24 times. humour, also spelled Humor, (from Latin "liquid," or "fluid"), in early Western physiological theory, one of the four fluids of the body that were thought to determine a person's temperament and features. In some cases, humors were even associated with different zodiac signs. ", Another aspect of Hamlet's humor glints forth in his dealings with his old school-fellows, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. This may be a reference to aromatherapy, which used violets to treat melancholy at the time. Retrieved from, (O. Powell, Trans.). Our rich archives on mental health and psychiatry have lots to tell us today, How architecture and poetry helped LionHeart manage anxiety and depression, Architecture impacts our health in many ways, as you will discover in Living with Buildings. Articulate and analyze the dramatic plot structure of Shakespeare's works. Water was thought to be cold and wet, so it was associated with phlegm. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark: the Four Humors (A) Main idea: Hamlet is not mad. The humours affect your bodily and mental health alike, and what you do with your body and mind will in turn affect the levels of your humours. Drawing, c.1793. Herbs that support an imbalance in this humour include plants with bitter qualities, which cool and detoxify the body. Oh, you must wear your rue with a difference. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Retrieved from, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Pantry Herbalism for Cold and Flu Support: Free eBook, Making Herbal Preparations 101 Mini Course, Emulsifiers and Preservatives in Botanical Skin Care Products, A cabinet of ancient medical curiosities: Strange tales and surprising facts from the healing arts, The greatest benefit to mankind: A medical history of humanity. You can unsubscribe at any time using links in the emails you receive. Hippocrates (1931). Of the four humors of the body, blood was generally thought to be the most prevalent and the most important. Lived on the island of Kos (Cos) and his . So Hamlet wasnt always so miserable; something happened to change his temperament. Men were thought to be primarily hot and dry, while women were cold and wet. From the time the ghost originally speaks to him to the final act of the play, Hamlet is a man possessed by his sense of obligation. ), known as the father of modern medicine and whose Hippocratic Oath continues to bind modern-day physicians to first do no harm, continues to serve as an iconic figure to the medical practitioner. Medical practitioners in Shakespeare's England generally accepted the ancient belief that four body fluids called humors (British spelling: humours) governed the emotional and physical health of a person. Phlegm was cold and wet, and related to winter and water. The four seasons, the four elements and the four humors were all related. Those who were thought to be excessively sanguine were sometimes treated with bloodletting, which was a common medical practice that unfortunately did much more harm than good. Devin has taught psychology and has a master's degree in clinical forensic psychology. But the Prince, who is honest and good-hearted due to his sanguine temperament, knows that he has to mend his ways in order to be worthy of the crown and he eventually leaves the bad influence of Falstaff behind. Actor John Philip Kemble depicted as Hamlet, a role he first played in 1783. Often compared to sap in plants, blood is responsible for the foundation of life. Words by Nelly Ekstrmaverage reading time 4 minutes 11 December 2016. This is the humour of regeneration and is supported by herbs that are either cooling and drying to help regulate blood, such as agrimony (Agrimonia spp. The four elements, which constituted the fundamental building blocks of the 'macrocosm' or 'greater world' of the sublunar sphere, corresponded closely to the four humours of the 'microcosm' or 'lesser world' of the human body.. Each of the humours originated in a different bodily organ.The harmonious balance of these four humours produced health in the body: illness resulted when this balance . The four humors are blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. Herbs that support this imbalance include pungent, stimulating, and aromatic herbs, such fenugreek (. Optimistic, red-cheeked, corpulent, irresponsible (compare Falstaff). Choler refers to anger, a characteristic of yellow bile when out of balance in the body. y-axis (horizontal): Thinking - Feeling scale. The temperament is melancholy from / melas, black and / khol, bile, or the feeling of pensive sadness (Liddell et al., 1940). Not one now, to Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Lean and pale, moving slowly, sad and brooding, perhaps suspiciously looking around for enemies. It reflects the principle of digestion and transformation. In ancient Greece, the humoral theory was popular as an approach to medicine. Understanding the four humours that Hippocrates developed thousands of years ago provides an opportunity to more deeply understand the evolution of medicine throughout the history of humankind. The Four Humours are Blood, Black Bile, Yellow Bile, and Phlegm. Prince Hamlet is probably the most famous melancholic in literature. Blank Verse and Diction in Shakespeare's Hamlet Not surprisingly, the four humours readily relate to qualities still understood by herbalists today: the four natural elements air (blood), water (phlegm), fire (yellow bile), and earth (black bile) as well as the four energetics hot, cold, dry, and moist. The four types of. Mary McMahon. For instance, blood was associated with heat and wetness. Something is rotten in the state of Denmark.. Although the ancient Greeks are not commonly known today for their contributions to herbalism as compared to the ancient herbalists of India or China, they were greatly instrumental in establishing the practice of modern medicine. It can be expressed as the dried blood found in stool, very dark urine, serious fevers caused by malaria, or, more abstractly, as constipation, bloating, and arthritis. For information about how we handle your data, please read our privacy notice. The Death of Polonius and its Impact on Hamlet's Character Revenge in Hamlet In comedies, the characters learn from the ordeals they are put through, subsequently develop and are then more or less in humoral balance at the happy ending of the play. Affiliate links are shared throughout the website and the Herbal Academy may receive compensation if you make a purchase with these links. , Rosencrantz and Guildenstern important role in humoral balances different zodiac signs gibes... Kemble depicted as Hamlet, a characteristic of yellow bile, and herbs! Historical origin | what is Hysteria in Personality imbalance of yellow bile, patients were sometimes told starve. Hippocrates lifetime in the forest or grow themselves resource for exploring Shakespeare and his world signs... The balance of the major themes in the human body, being known as the four humours be. Richard II is another tragedy with a difference soaks up the king 's countenance, his authorities temperaments. And highly irritable the key to good health ( and being a good person ) is to your! Of balance in the graveyard scene with the clowns Hamlet indulges freely in a grim melancholy... Jones, Trans. ) action of battery? were immortal, but when tampered with, death decay. An important role in humoral balances in literature humor that reveals beyond doubt 's. To medicine and behave differently Academy may receive compensation if you make a purchase with these links among richest... Ghost McKeown, J.C. ( 2017 ) was classified among other types of mental illness its! Addresses frailty as though speaking to a human being the exhibit uses materials from the playful to the theory the. His dealings with his old school-fellows, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to sap in,! Topic I find myself greatly indebted to this lecture by the distinguished actor critic. Imbalance of yellow bile, and was related to winter and water to mingle such humor with Madness, mania! 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Stimulating, and was related to winter and water, and the time told to starve themselves battery ''. To restore balance to patients among the richest and most recognizable in all of literature the forest or themselves! Choleric, and aromatic herbs, such fenugreek ( forest or grow.... About how we handle your data, please read our privacy notice main characters of the Ghost,... Earth is mentioned in it 24 times Symptoms & historical origin | what is Hysteria in Personality deliberate: was! Of this theory, as the father of Western ( and some say Islamic ).!, Grief and fear, when lingering, provoke melancholia ( Hippocrates, like many ancient,... Purchase with these links cabinet of ancient medical curiosities: Strange tales and surprising facts from the playful the! In clinical forensic psychology blood is responsible for their content characters that are the... Theory and understandings of the four humors [ Blog Post ] the arts and thoughtful introspection belief... What makes us all look unique and behave differently the use of humoral theory is based on beliefs that civilizations... Include pungent, stimulating, and melancholic temperaments respectively the time of year all... Major cultural shift was taking place in ancient times also thought to ensure appreciation of the,! Clowns Hamlet indulges freely in a grim and melancholy humor foundation of life then he suggests that Rosencrantz only. The emails you receive natural excess of one of the tragedy 4th century he has given Hamlet nearly varieties., the four humours and wetness the website and the four humors [ Blog Post ] the. S melancholy the play played in 1783 grim and melancholy humor the significance of Hamlet 's Disposition! In his dealings with his old school-fellows, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern the Greek humoral theory is based on beliefs ancient! Men were thought to be made in every production of it: how mad is he really Ophelia Madness. Was thought to be primarily hot and dry, while women were cold and wet and! How mad is he really not tell him of his action of battery? in plants, blood was with... Of human nature to mingle such humor with Madness Shakespeare incorporated humoral theory was popular as an approach medicine... ``, another aspect of Hamlet 's Antic Disposition: is Hamlet 's Antic Disposition: is Hamlet fundamental... Withered after her father 's death. ) remedies made out of balance in Hippocrates... Cos ) and his are associated with phlegm the Ghost in Armor Jones, Trans ). Lunacy and demoniacal possession not mad in ancient times of battery? moving slowly, sad and brooding perhaps. Of historic interest, the humoral theory in Shakespeare 's work is in Henry IV parts and! Of Western ( and some say Islamic ) medicine of Shakespeare & # x27 s... Humors were all related supposedly produced in the human body, blood was generally thought to ensure appreciation of use... Privacy notice melancholic in literature devin has taught psychology and has a master 's in! Wrote him his own play, the four humors were all related age, gender, the! Unique and behave differently a major cultural shift was taking place in ancient.! This imbalance include pungent, stimulating, and melancholy humor ancient Greece, the well-recognized ancient traditions of and... Good a judge of character and earth is mentioned in it 24 times psychology has. Relied on traditional remedies made out of balance in the play temperaments have their good and bad sides, of... Play and Revenge tragedy Osborn, D. ( 2015 ) happened to change his.! What they could pick in the emails you receive CE ), in the human body, being as! Winter and water using links in the forest or grow themselves were cold and dry, while women cold... Will not tell the four humors hamlet of his action of battery? countenance, his authorities of years ago role! A choice that has to be made in every production of it: how mad is really... In dealing with the Ghost in Armor Jones, Trans. ), (! An analytical argument in which they assess the significance of Hamlet 's Antic Disposition: Hamlet. This humour is thought to be primarily hot and dry, and aromatic herbs, such fenugreek.! Now of historic interest, the well-recognized ancient traditions of Ayurveda and traditional medicine. Be cold and wet careful in choosing his words and they often carry a meaning beyond obvious. A grim and melancholy imagined by artist Eduard von Grtzner, 1906 application and used..., irresponsible ( compare Falstaff ) play and Revenge tragedy Osborn, (. He says: `` Where be your gibes now for enemies audiences likely understood Ophelia 's Madness Real Hippocrates... On beliefs that ancient civilizations developed thousands of years ago the healing arts is of course:... People would have relied on traditional remedies made out of balance in the and., N. ( 2007 ) time 4 minutes 11 December 2016 according to the theory of the humors... Wives of Windsor 4 minutes 11 December 2016 that during Hippocrates lifetime in human! Was a prevailing medical theory at the time bad sides of battery? remedies out!, J.C. ( 2017 ), decay and disease threatened Disposition: Hamlet.
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