This tenacious man maintained physical health and mental clarity until the end of his life; his sturdy and muscular body withered in old age and his thick dark hair, cut short in the prime of life, became long and white, but only a few serious illnesses are remembered of him.[62]. A discord was generated from this claim that stopped when the Pope asked for help from Ferrante to lower the power of the sons of the counts of Anguillara, who sent him troops. [12] His heart was enclosed with very sweet heights in a small golden urn engraved with the verses: "Fernandus senior, qui condidit aurea saecla (Ferdinand the elder, who founded the golden age). Then the Florentines (whose governor was Cosimo de' Medici) raised the flags of King Charles VII, King of France and urged that King Ren restart the enterprise for the reconquest of the Kingdom of Naples. [12][15], Charles, prince of Viana, the son of King John II of Aragon, claimed that the illegitimate status of Ferrante precluded his ascension to king. Many cities surrendered to Ferrante, such as San Severo, Dragonara, many lands of Mount Gargano and finally Sant'Angelo. After leaving Castel Nuovo he went to the cathedral of the city on horseback, accompanied by the barons of the kingdom, where he was received with applause by Cardinal Rinaldo Piscicello, Archbishop of the city, who, accompanied by the clergy, met with him in front of the church choir and immediately after they went to the stairs of the high altar, where kneeling, the Te Deum was sung. The latter found the pope sick and therefore were never admitted to his audience. All this took place with the complicity of Pope Sixtus IV, who did not look favorably on Venetian expansionism in the Aegean.[34]. The side facing the countryside was covered with blocks of high-strength gray piperno . Ferdinand became king of Naples as a boy when his father ascended the Spanish throne (1759) as Charles III. After the Bull of Investiture, two more were sent: in the first the Pontiff advised Ferrante to send him a Cardinal Legate for the coronation and in the second he revoked the Bull. In the meantime, the king went to Lucera in Apulia, where Duke John lived, who with a large army was waiting for the Prince of Taranto. [12][61] Encouraged by Ludovico Sforza, in 1493 the French king Charles VIII, heir to the Angevin pretenders of Naples, was preparing to invade Italy for the conquest of the Kingdom and Ferrante understood that he was facing the greatest danger he had ever faced. Thus was born the Aragonese castle of the city, and in 1491 the triangular -shaped ravelin between the Torre della Bandiera and the San Cristofalo tower was added on the side facing the Great Sea. It can be said that, in general, almost his entire life was spent in war.[9]. In his reign, in addition to the splendor of the royal house, letters and writers flourished. [13] He was, as mentioned, a patron of the arts and a lover of letters,[12][65] in fact he wrote a book containing someepistles and very elegant prayers called Militari, which was published in 1486,[13] where his good taste for good letters can be seen. [12][52], He then gathered another army, of which he gave the command to Ferrandino, prince of Capua, his nephew and eldest son of the Duke of Calabria. The following spring the Venetians put into the sea an army of one hundred and twenty woods with troops commanded by the Duke of Lorraine, Ren II, who occupied Gallipoli, Nard and Monopoli with resistance.and other smaller places in the Otranto area. Alphonso, finding his tenure of the throne uncertain on account of the approaching invasion of Charles VIII of France and the general dissatisfaction of his subjects . The King then demanded from the Pope to release the censuses for the expenses he had recently made to help him and also demanded for the future that the prior papal income from his kingdom, eight thousand oncie a year, should be reduced. The end of the rebellion of the barons was followed by twenty years of internal peace which allowed Ferrante to strengthen the state and increase its wealth. With a law of 1466 he allowed farmers to freely dispose of their products, releasing them from the obligation of having to sell the food to the local lord at the price he set. Meanwhile, the Duke of Calabria had invaded the Papal State and after having fought many battles he had managed to get to the gates of Rome, laying siege to it. St. Francis refused, took a coin, broke it and let out blood. Faced with a huge supply of money and a proposal of ultimate prosperity and wealth, anyone would be able to be seduced; so it was not for the Saint. Select from premium King Ferdinand Ii Of Naples of the highest quality. These barons oppressed the population, which occupied the lowest social level, so Ferrante tried to hinder their power. [12][63], Ferrante was very graceful in reasoning, shrewd, modest, patient to suffer things of his contrary genius, ready and grateful in giving an audience, resolute in negotiations and very right simulator. Alfonso on 9 September 1438 created Ferrante a knight on the Maddaloni field where Ren of Anjou-Valois, challenged to battle, did not appear. Neapolitan painting of the early seventeenth century is characterized by dramatic expression, emphatic naturalism, and intense chiaroscuro derived from the profound influence of Caravaggio (1571-1610), who spent a number of his later years in the port city. [73] Likewise in the first one on the right is represented the King who valiantly puts the conspirators to flight with the verses: "HOS REX MARTIPOTENS ANIMOSIOR HECTORE CLARO / SENSIT VT INSIDIAS ENSE MICANTE FVGAT". Giovanni Antonio Orsini Del Balzo of Taranto, "Ferdinando I d'Aragona re di Napoli nell'Enciclopedia Treccani", https://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/Ferdinando+I+%28re+di+Napoli%29.html, "L'Oro di Napoli durante il regno degli Aragonesi", "Treccani - la cultura italiana | Treccani, il portale del sapere", "Don Ferrante, il re illegittimo che sfid i baroni napoletani", "Re Ferrante I di Napoli, storia di un protagonista dell'Italia del '400", "The Case of the Ruthless Ruler with a Deadly Disease", "FERDINANDO I d'Aragona, re di Napoli in "Enciclopedia Italiana", "San Francesco di Paola il Santo delle Due Sicilie Alta Terra di Lavoro", "Nei costruttori del nostro Castello aragonese le radici storiche dell'indipendentismo Catalano", "Pietro Befulco, Madonna col Bambino in trono e santi", "istituto internazionale studio settecento musicale napoletano", "Le origini della Scuola Napoletana. "[34], However, the daring journey of the Magnificent confirmed the fame that Ferrante enjoyed as Judge of Italy. Ferrante further strengthened his power with a series of alliances. He is eventually tortured to death by King Charles VIII, who blamed him for the plague that swept Naples, and his body is placed in his father's gruesome "Last S. He was received at Rome on April 2, 1465, by Pope Paul II who presented him with the golden rose. He was one of the most influential and feared monarchs in Europe at the time and an important figure of the Italian Renaissance. The Apulian fiefdom was inherited by his wife Isabella and became a fundamental strength for Ferrante's resources.[14]. In fact, in addition to the erected architectures and the impulse given to the university, during his reign a true Italian and Latin culture was formed in the kingdom, which counted among its major representatives the Panormita, the Sannazaro, the Pontano: literature that reflected life of the country, its tendencies, its needs, especially through the works of Diomede Carafa, of Galateo, of Tristano Caracciolo, and, as such, it was destined to survive even in the following centuries.[33]. King Ferrante, although a very prudent prince, for the great affection he bore to the Duke Don Alfonso, for his old age and for the love and caresses of his new bride, was disheartened by low affections, and seeing that he trusted a lot in the value of duke gave him almost all the reins of the government. [4], The skills of Ferrante and his diplomats, skilled in weaving alliances in order to achieve Neapolitan hegemony in the system of Italian states, the fruits of the sovereign's economic strategy with the introduction of the art of silk and printing, politics of promotion and cultural attraction, the severe exercise of power also through the repression of the conspiracy of the barons led The Kingdom of Naples, with intellectuals of the caliber of Pontano, Panormita and others, to participate as a protagonist in Humanism and the Renaissance. Under his reign the construction of the Castel Nuovo was completed, the magnificent palace of Poggioreale[13] was commissioned by his son Alfonso and the beautiful Palazzo Como was erected, now home to the Filangieri Museum (built between 1464 and 1490), Porta Nolana, the Palazzo Diomede Carafa (1470), the facade of the Palazzo Sanseverino, now the Church of Ges Nuovo (1470), as well as the Porta Capuana (defined as the most beautiful door of the Renaissance together with the door of San Pietro in Perugia[71]). All souls were filled with immense jubilation when suddenly they were arrested and destined with the others to last torture. Ferdinand II of Naples (26 August 1469-7 September 1496) was King of Naples from 23 January 1495 to 7 September 1496, succeeding Alfonso II of Naples and preceding Frederick of Naples. The Barons, unable otherwise, accepted the agreement, which on 12 August 1486, with the participation of the Archbishop of Milan, the Count of Tendiglia, Ambassadors of the King of Spain and Sicily, he was accepted in the name of King Ferrante by Giovanni Pontano, famous scholar of those times. [12][22] The problems, however, were not over yet, in fact Ferrante's rival, John of Anjou, aspired to regain the throne of Naples, lost by his father in the war against Alfonso. In short, he influenced the prince with great ardor, so much so that each baron believed that Frederick would not refuse the gift; but this prince who had neither ambition, nor immoderate thirst to dominate, but only virtue, after having thanked for the offer, very placidly replied that if by granting him the kingdom he had been under their control, he would have gladly accepted the gift, but Not being able to take possession of the kingdom, if not violating all the laws, the paternal will and the reason of his brother, he refused. Meanwhile, Alfonso Duke of Calabria, having discovered the conspiracy, suddenly took possession of the County of Nola and conquered Nola, incarcerating the two children and the Count's wife, then leading them to the prisons of Castel Nuovo in Naples. In 1471 Ferrante made alliances with England, with Burgundy and with the Republic of Venice. [13], His embalmed corpse was placed in a chest covered with gold brocade , and was buried in the Basilica of San Domenico Maggiore. [69] He also took under his own protection the two orphans of Count Don Diego Cavaniglia, or Troiano and Nicolina, as he had also protected Diego himself, who was very soon orphaned of a father. The country was ruled by the regent . Among the books printed in Naples, were the Latin classics; Commentaries on the first books of the Code of the famous Antonio d'Alessandro; those on medicine by Angelo Catone da Supino; lectures on Philosophy; the work by Aniello Arcamone on the Constitutions of the kingdom; and poetry from both of fishermen and of heroes of Italy. [7], Ferrante was forced to prove his worth several times before obtaining the throne of Naples. Alfonso then concluded with the Venetians that he would attack the Florentines and the Venetian the Sforza. His father was old and senile, leaving himself as the effective ruler of Naples. Having reported this message to the king, it was decided that the two should meet in a small church located in the place called Torricella near Teano on 29 May 1460 and it was set as a condition that each could bring two companions. today Via Medina . He had been forced to lift the siege of Rhodes gloriously defended by the Hospitaller Knights and appeared in the Otranto canal, where only a thousand fighters were protecting Otranto, while another 400 arrived from Naples led by Francesco Zurolo. As the husband of Queen Isabella I of Castile, he was also the king of Castile from 1475 to 1504 (as Ferdinand V).He reigned jointly with Isabella over a dynastically unified Spain; together they are known as the . When the latter then left for France at the invitation of King Louis XI, the Pope and the King of Naples took the opportunity to strengthen the fragile relations with France, foreseeing, in perspective, the possibility of reaching an agreement to abolish the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges.[42]. He was the illegitimate son of Alfonso V of Aragon, who, after establishing himself as king of Naples in 1442, had Ferdinand legitimized and recognized as his heir. [25][58], In 1486 he participated in the war for the Duchy of Milan in support of the Sforza.[60]. From this episode many other barons followed his example, rejecting the Ordre du Croissant of which John had honored them as Knights. [12][72], Ferrante completed the construction and decoration of the Castel Nuovo using artisans of almost exclusively Italian origin such as Pietro da Milano, one of the artists called by Alfonso I, who returned with Francesco Laurana in 1465 to complete the triumphal arch and to make some busts of the royal family. Ferrante himself is credited with a certain skill as an instrumentalist. By order of Ferrante, as a lasting warning, the splendid bronze door of the Castel Nuovo, called La Vittoriosa, was cast in bronze, through the artillery removed by the enemies, with the representation of the king's triumph in the conspiracy of the barons, the work of Guglielmo Dello Monaco, a Parisian who had served Alfonso as a manufacturer of cannons, clocks and bells. [12][65], This sovereign was adorned with many letters and well versed in law, and he considered this science more necessary than any other for the rulers of peoples. The Florentines had no choice but to come to terms with the king of Naples and an armistice was asked. [80][81], His diplomacy was very expensive and to strengthen the finances, already proven by the patronage of Alfonso I, Ferrante introduced an austerity regime in the court and in the state apparatus,[5] to facilitate commercial traffic for his vassals, he opened it no less in east that in the west,[13] encouraged businesses and traders by launching a series of initiatives aimed at increasing trade exchanges with Venice, Pisa and Spain; it favored the migration from the countryside to the city and allowed the immigration of numerous Jews expelled from Spain through thedecree of the Alhambra issued by the Catholic kings. All of Italy observed this trip with great interest, awaiting great decisions: the meeting had been well prepared and the welcome to Lorenzo, who arrived in Naples on 18 December 1479, exceeded all expectations. [62] On the door appear in six pictures expressed in bas - relief some events of the conspiracy: in the first of them, from the left side of the beholder, the apparent peace of the Duke of Sessa is scrolled, with the verses that say: "PRINCEPS CVM IACOBO CVM DIOFEBO QVEM DOLOSE / VT REGEM PERMANT COLLOQVIVM SIMVLANT". He was very fond of books, so much so that his library, called Aragonese, was celebrated as one of the main ones of those times. In Novello da San Lucano he entrusted him with the reconstruction of the basilica of San Domenico Maggiore, after the ruin of a large part of the building due to the previous earthquake. Venice and Naples immediately undertook unitary actions of the fleets in the Aegean, slowing down the Ottoman expansionism. Therefore, I very humbly pray to Your Holiness that, by corresponding to this love, you accept me for your son, indeed confirm me in your grace, so that from this moment your Beatitude desires neither more obedience nor more inclined devotion from me. After the peace, the barons, gathered together, fortified themselves in their fortresses; but the Duke of Calabria and King Ferrante, having them in their hands, tried to deceive them, offering them security and showing them their humanity. She was mourned by everyone and her body was taken to the church of San Pietro Martire, where her sepulcher can still be seen today. The whole company landed in Gaeta on 19 August, where Ferrante was reunited with his father, whom he hardly knew. He was courteous and liberal, for example one day he donated 300 horses to a Genoese friend of his, called Olietto de Tiesso. [12][54], The Duke of Milan, Ferdinand the Catholic King of Aragon and Sicily and Lorenzo de' Medici were the ones who signed the agreement between Ferrante and the Barons. On the other hand, King Ferrante, having understood the intention of the barons, immediately sent Turco Cicinello and Antonio d'Alessandro to Spain.To pray John not to lack love for his nephew the king, since he could say that the Kingdom of Naples was more his than the kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon. But it was instead Ferrante's ambition that decreed the end of the alliance, when in 1473 he demanded the possession of the island of Cyprus, protectorate of the Serenissima, proposing in complete secrecy to marry his son Alfonso with a daughter of King James. Ferdinand I (also known as Ferrante) was the illegitimate son of Alfonso V of Aragon and was the king of Naples from 1458 to 1494. October 1476. from the marriage to his first wife Isabella di Chiaromonte ( 1465): his daughter Leonora (or Eleonora) (1450-1493), Duchess of Ferrara, Reggio and Modena. Pope Pius II, with the bull of January 5, 1460, absolved from the oath all those who had taken the Ordre du Croissant from John and undid this Confraternity. Ottini L, Falchetti M, Marinozzi S, Angeletti LR, Fornaciari G (2010) Gene-environment interactions in the pre-Industrial Era: the cancer of King Ferrante I of Aragon (1431-1494). It replaced the obsolete Angevin curtain with a structure more responsive to the new defensive needs, deriving from the introduction of artillery . In order to ensure a good future for his illegitimate son, his father Alfonso had called him to Naples. 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