[11], In 628 Muhammad and his followers headed for Mecca to perform the umra (lesser pilgrimage to Mecca) and the Quraysh dispatched 200 cavalry to intercept him upon hearing of his departure. Islamic tradition credits Khalid for his battlefield tactics and effective leadership of the early Muslim conquests, but also accuses him of illicitly executing Arab tribesmen who had accepted Islamnamely members of the Banu Jadhima during the lifetime of Muhammad, and Malik ibn Nuwayra during the Ridda Warsand being responsible for moral and fiscal misconduct in the Levant. Was it because of Jelousy? Khaled bin Alwaleed Al Saud (born 21 April 1978) is a Saudi prince, entrepreneur, and investor.He is the son of Al-Waleed bin Talal and his first wife and cousin, Dalal bint Saud.Khaled has been noted for his vegan lifestyle. [54] According to the modern historian Meir Jacob Kister, it was likely the threat posed by this army which compelled Musaylima to forge an alliance with Sajah. [18], The starting point of Khalid's general march to Syria was al-Hira, according to most of the traditional accounts, with the exception of al-Baladhuri, who places it at Ayn al-Tamr. [31] A report preserved in a work by the 13th-century scholar Ibn Abi'l-Hadid claims that Khalid was a partisan of Abu Bakr, opposed Ali's candidacy, and declared that Abu Bakr was "not a man about whom one needs [to] enquire, and his character needs not be sounded out". [101] The second Palmyra-Damascus itinerary is a relatively direct route between al-Hira to Palmyra via Ayn al-Tamr. [181] He is considered "one of the tactical geniuses of the early Islamic period" by Donner. Shoufani deems this improbable, while allowing the possibility that Khalid had earlier sent detachments from his army to reinforce the main Muslim commander in Bahrayn, al-Ala al-Hadhrami. This condition was feared by the caliph at that time, Umar ibn Khattab, would be a deviation of faith. Khalid continued service as the key lieutenant of his successor Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah in the sieges of Homs and Aleppo and the Battle of Qinnasrin, all in 637638. [178][179] Purported hadiths related about Khalid include Muhammad's urgings to Muslims not to harm Khalid and prophecies that Khalid would be dealt injustices despite his tremendous contributions to Islam. [88] Crone views the traditional reports as part of a general theme in the largely Iraq-based, Abbasid-era (post-750) sources to diminish the early Muslims' focus on Syria in favor of Iraq. Arab sources marvelled at his [Khalid's] endurance; modern scholars have seen him as a master of strategy. [56], After his victories against the Bedouin of Najd, Khalid headed to the Yamama with warnings of the Hanifa's military prowess and instructions by Abu Bakr to act severely toward the tribe should he be victorious. [148] De Goeje dismisses Khalid's extravagant grants to the tribal nobility, a common practice among the early Muslim leaders including Muhammad, as a cause for his sacking. [19][22] Muhammad rewarded Khalid by bestowing on him the honorary title Sayf Allah ('the Sword of God'). Ibn Kathir confirms that there was no demotion, and that Khalid was "left in charge" (v.3 p.425). [164] He and Iyad ibn Ghanm then launched the first Muslim raid into Byzantine Anatolia. [31], Most tribes in Arabia, except those inhabiting the environs of Mecca, Medina and Ta'if discontinued their allegiance to the nascent Muslim state after Muhammad's death or had never established formal relations with Medina. Why khalid bin walid was dismissed? [94] Afterward, Khalid executed the town's Kindite leader Ukaydir, who had defected from Medina following Muhammad's death, while the Kalbite chief Wadi'a was spared after the intercession of his Tamimite allies in the Muslims' camp. Khalid is a brave warrior and our ardent supporter. [180] In Islamic literary narratives, Umar expresses remorse over dismissing Khalid and the women of Medina mourn his death en masse. [93] It is unclear which engagement occurred first, though both were Muslim efforts to bring the mostly nomadic Arab tribes of north Arabia and the Syrian steppe under Medina's control. [123] Khalid and his men scaled the city's eastern walls and killed the guards and other defenders at Bab Sharqi. [103] In the Dumat al-JandalDamascus route, such placenames exist, namely the sites of Qulban Qurajir, associated with 'Quraqir', along the eastern edge of Wadi Sirhan, and Sab Biyar, which is identified with Suwa 150 kilometers (93mi) east of Damascus. [44], After Buzakha, Khalid proceeded against the rebel Tamimite chieftain Malik ibn Nuwayra headquartered in al-Butah, in the present-day Qassim region. [39] Throughout the campaign, Khalid demonstrated considerable operational independence and did not stringently abide by the caliph's directives. [7] According to Lecker, Khalid and the other Qurayshite generals "gained precious experience [during the Ridda wars] in mobilizing large multi-tribal armies over long distances" and "benefited from the close acquaintance of the Kuraysh [sic] with tribal politics throughout Arabia". [1] He belonged to the Banu Makhzum, a leading clan of the Quraysh tribe and Mecca's pre-Islamic aristocracy. [123] Each of the five Muslim commanders were charged with blocking one of the city gates; Khalid was stationed at Bab Sharqi (the East Gate). [101] The stretch of desert between Ayn al-Tamr and Palmyra is long enough to corroborate a six-day march and contains scarce watering points, though there are no placenames that can be interpreted as Quraqir or Suwa. Although he fought against Muhammad at Uud (625), Khlid was later converted (627/629) and joined Muhammad in the conquest of Mecca in 629; thereafter he commanded a number of conquests and missions in the Arabian Peninsula. What was the main cause of the Battle of Uhud? [198] The Mamluk sultan Baybars (r.12601277) attempted to link his own military achievements with those of Khalid by having an inscription honoring himself carved on Khalid's mausoleum in Homs in 1266. legislazione scolastica riassunto pdf; segnaposto comunione da stampare; punto cist integratore; donna significato treccani; orario messe comelico superiore [18][190], There is no further significant role played by members of Khalid's family in the historical record. After the death of Muhammad, Khlid recaptured a number of provinces that were breaking away from Islam. [17], According to the historian Richard Blackburn, despite attempts in the early sources to discredit Khalid, his reputation has developed as "Islam's most formidable warrior" during the eras of Muhammad, Abu Bakr and the conquest of Syria. [72][73] Al-Hira's Arab tribal nobles, many of whom were Nestorian Christians with blood ties to the nomadic tribes on the city's western desert fringes, barricaded in their scattered fortified palaces. Khalid bin Waleed R.A. is buried along with his son in the Mosque of Homs in Syria. [170] Umar consequently ordered that Abu Ubayda publicly interrogate and relieve Khalid from his post regardless of the interrogation's outcome, as well as to put Qinnasrin under Abu Ubayda's direct administration. Khalid ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi (Arabic: ) was an Arab Muslim. [102] Based on these accounts, Donner summarizes three possible routes taken by Khalid to the vicinity of Damascus: two via Palmyra from the north and the one via Dumat al-Jandal from the south. Khlid ibn al-Wald, byname Sf, or Sayf, Allh (Arabic: Sword of God), (died 642), one of the two generals (with Amr ibn al-) of the enormously successful Islamic expansion under the Prophet Muhammad and his immediate successors, Ab Bakr and Umar. 5. [67] He arrived at the southern Iraqi frontier with about 1,000 warriors in the late spring or early summer of 633. [126][131] The treaty probably served as the model for the capitulation agreements made throughout Syria, as well Iraq and Egypt, during the early Muslim conquests. Its defenders were backed by their nomadic allies from the Byzantine-confederate tribes, the Ghassanids, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra and Banu Kalb. May 23, 2021 . [189] Abd al-Rahman's son Khalid was a commander of a naval campaign against the Byzantines in 668 or 669. In both versions Muhammad declared himself innocent of Khalid's action but did not discharge or punish him. [3] Contents 1 Early life 2 Muhammad's era (610-632) 2.1 Conversion to Islam 2.2 Military Campaigns during Muhammad's (SAAW) era Khalid bin Waleed R.A. is buried along with his son in the Mosque of Homs in Syria. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [140] Khalid and his cavalries used the opportunity to pierce the Byzantines' left flank, taking advantage of the gap between the Byzantine infantry and cavalry. He was undefeated in 41 battles (100 if minor engagements are considered) against professional Persian and Roman armies. In 2013, the Syrian army destroyed Khalid ibn al Walid's grave during their bombardment and siege of the rebel city of Homs. If Islam is unjustly forced on a people in such a way it will make them hate Islam for centuries to come then yes, that is something any rational Muslim should oppose. [3] Their prominence was owed to the leadership of Khalid's paternal grandfather al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah. [27] In June 631 Khalid was sent by Muhammad at the head of 480 men to invite the mixed Christian and polytheistic Balharith tribe of Najran to embrace Islam. [175] According to the Muslim jurist al-Zuhri (d. 742), before his death in 639, Abu Ubayda appointed Khalid and Iyad ibn Ghanm as his successors,[176] but Umar confirmed only Iyad as governor of the HomsQinnasrinJazira district and appointed Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan governor over the rest of Syria, namely the districts of Damascus, Jordan and Palestine. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Khalid-ibn-al-Walid. The infantry was subsequently routed. In the view of Leone Caetani and Bernard Lewis, the opposing tribes who had established ties with Medina regarded their religious and fiscal obligations as being a personal contract with Muhammad; their attempts to negotiate different terms after his death were rejected by Abu Bakr, who proceeded to launch the campaigns against them. [95], The historians Michael Jan de Goeje and Caetani dismiss altogether that Khalid led an expedition to Dumat al-Jandal following his Iraqi campaign and that the city mentioned in the traditional sources was likely the town by the same name near al-Hira. In fact, Caliph Umar Al-Khattab did mention why he dismissed General Khalid Al-Walid from the army and his post. [83] Unlike Syria, Iraq had not been the focus of Muhammad's or the early Muslims' ambitions, nor did the Quraysh maintain trading interests in the region dating to the pre-Islamic period as they had in Syria. [49] In the view of the modern historian Ella Landau-Tasseron, "the truth behind Malik's career and death will remain buried under a heap of conflicting traditions". How many wars Khalid bin Waleed fought? [139] The area spanned high hilltops, water sources, critical routes connecting Damascus to the Galilee and historic pastures of the Ghassanids. [161] Khalid routed a Byzantine force led by a certain Minas in the outskirts of Qinnasrin. I have dismissed him because the people glorified him and were misled. [196] The Sur tribe under Sher Shah, a 16th-century ruler of India, also claimed descent from Khalid. [28], After Muhammad's death in June 632, one of his early and close companions, Abu Bakr, became caliph (leader of the Muslim community). [32] Islamic historiography describes Abu Bakr's efforts to establish or reestablish Islamic rule over the tribes as the Ridda wars (wars against the 'apostates'). [154] These tribes likely considered the large numbers of outside Arab tribesmen in Khalid's army as a threat to their political and economic power. [70] The 9th-century histories of al-Baladhuri and Khalifa ibn Khayyat hold Khalid's first major battle in Iraq was his victory over the Sasanian garrison at Ubulla (the ancient Apologos, near modern Basra) and the nearby village of Khurayba, though al-Tabari (d. 923) considers attribution of the victory to Khalid as erroneous and that Ubulla was conquered later by Utba ibn Ghazwan al-Mazini. 50 years (592 AD-642 AD)Khalid ibn al-Walid / Age at death. Khalid died in either Medina or Homs in 642. The Tayy defected to the Muslims before Khalid's troops arrived to Buzakha, the result of mediation between the two sides by the Tayy chief Adi ibn Hatim. [184], Khalid's eldest son was named Sulayman, hence his kunya ('paedonymic') Abu Sulayman ('father of Sulayman'). [137], The Byzantine army set up camp at the Ruqqad tributary west of the Muslims' positions at Jabiya. [140] The Byzantines' initial assaults against the Muslims' right and left flanks successively failed, but they kept up the momentum until the entire Muslim line fell back or, as contemporary Christian sources maintain, feigned retreat. Abu Bakr said: "Do you want me to put the sword to sleep? [18], Khalid was afterward dispatched to invite to Islam the Banu Jadhima in Yalamlam, about 80 kilometers (50mi) south of Mecca, but the Islamic traditional sources hold that he attacked the tribe illicitly. [111] A single account in al-Baladhuri instead attributes Khalid's appointment to a consensus among the commanders already in Syria, though Athamina asserts "it is inconceivable that a man like [Amr ibn al-As] would agree" to such a decision voluntarily. [72] The Namir were led by Hilal ibn Aqqa, a Christian chieftain allied with the Sasanians, who Khalid had crucified after defeating him. During the Battle of Mu'ta, Khalid coordinated the safe withdrawal of Muslim troops against the Byzantines. [97] This phase entailed Khalid and his mennumbering between 500 to 800 strong[98]marching from a well called Quraqir across a vast stretch of waterless desert for six days and five nights until reaching a source of water at a place called Suwa. [165] Khalid made Qinnasrin his headquarters, settling there with his wife. Q. Aku pernah menuntut ilmu di sekolah menengah atas kristen dago, kemudian aku melanjutkan kuliah . [42] When Tulayha appeared close to defeat, the Fazara section of the Ghatafan under their chief Uyayna ibn Hisn deserted the field, compelling Tulayha to flee for Syria. The Yarbu did not resist, proclaimed their Muslim faith and were escorted to Khalid's camp. [7][61], The traditional sources place the final suppression of the Arab tribes of the Ridda wars before March 633, though Caetani insists the campaigns must have continued into 634. [140] He stationed an elite squadron of 200300 horsemen to support the center of his defensive line and left archers posted in the Muslims' camp near Dayr Ayyub, where they could be most effective against an incoming Byzantine force. [180] Athamina considers these all to be "no more than latter-day expressions of sympathy on the part of subsequent generations for the heroic character of Khalid as portrayed by Islamic tradition".
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