The protein expression data from 44 normal human tissue types is derived from antibody-based protein profiling using conventional and multiplex immunohistochemistry. Measuring 90 megabases in length, Chromosome 16 has exceptionally high gene density, particularly relating to genetic diseases in humans, which numbers about 150 out of the 90 million nucleotide sequences. Disclaimer. Pseudogenes: 633 to 819. Use of a fluorescent probe which will bind to the target DNA if present (e. a specific gene's reverse transcribed mRNA). Then, for each TCGA cohort, Spearmans was calculated between the averaged FPKM values and the nTPM values of the disease-matched cell lines based on the common 19,760 protein-coding genes. Nature 381, 661666 (1996). LncRNA studies have been stimulated by the . In an additional analysis of the 2415 protein-coding genes differentially expressed over time, we performed an ORA enrichment of genes related to immune functions. Non-coding RNA genes: 138 to 608 Pseudogenes: 545 to 693. Chromosome 13, with 3% of the bodys mapped human genome, is usually blamed for childhood obesity and delay in speech development. doi: 10.1093/nar/gky1095. DNA Res. Nat Genet. Thus, three tables in the open standard format .xlsx (Microsoft, Seattle, WA), Genes.xlsx, Transcripts.xlsx and Gene_Table.xlsx, are provided here. The entire molecule is regulated by only one regulatory region which contains the origins of replication of both heavy and light strands. Despite containing only up to 5.0% of the bodys DNA, chromosome 8 is quite important as over 8% of its genes are specialists in brain development. Protein-coding genes: 559 to 629 We wish to sincerely thank Matteo and Elisa Mele and family; the community of Dozza (BO), Italy: Comitato Arzdore di Dozza, Parrocchia di Dozza and Pro-Loco di Dozza as well as the Costa family and Lem Market Alimentari Srl for their support to our research. In total, 16465 of all human protein coding genes (n= 20090) are detected in the human brain. Part of CAS A genomic coordinate list of these protein-coding genes is available as Table S1. 2001;291:130451. The largest of its kind, the Human Reference Interactome (HuRI) map charts 52,569 interactions between 8,275 human proteins, as described in a study published in Nature. The description of each field is included in the first row of the spreadsheet table. All these kinds of analyses depend on the chosen gene entry subset, the RefSeq classification system and are subject to the accuracy of the input dataset. We have generated general descriptive statistics for human nuclear protein-coding genes and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) (Table1), exons, coding-exons and introns (Table2). Symp. Below is a list of articles on human chromosomes, each of which contains an incomplete list of genes located on that chromosome. Measuring around 191 megabases in length, chromosome 4 contains 186 million base pairs, or 6% of our DNA. Considering only upregulated DEGs or. BEND7, "BEN domain containing 7") So what are the Top Ten researched human genes? Bioinformatics in the Era of Post Genomics and Big Data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Using GeneBase, a software with a graphical interface able to import and elaborate National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Gene database entries, we provide tabulated spreadsheets updated to 2019 about human nuclear protein-coding gene data set ready to be used for any type of analysis about genes, transcripts and gene organization. Open Access The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the serpin family of proteinase inhibitors. 2013;101:2829. How has the classification of all protein-coding genes been done? Science. BMC Research Notes Cookies policy. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Genes that make proteins are called protein-coding genes. Finally, these data might be useful to design experiments for poorly characterized human genome regions, as in, for example, our current annotation effort of the recently defined highly restricted Down Syndrome critical region (HR-DSCR), which to date does not contain known genes [17], or to study transcription mechanisms such as alternative splicing or nonsense-mediated messenger RNA decay. Human genomes include both protein-coding DNA sequences and various types of DNA that does not encode proteins. doi: 10.1093/iob/obac008. This can be served as a reference for cell line selection for in vitro experiments when studying a specific cancer type. We have previously shown that GeneBase, a software with a graphical interface able to import and elaborate data available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Gene database, allows users to perform original searches, calculations and analyses of the main gene-associated meta-information [5], and since the release of GeneBase 1.1, it can also provide descriptive statistical summarization such as median, mean, standard deviation and total for many quantitative parameters associated with genes, gene transcripts and gene features for any desired database subset [6]. Open Access Ensembl 2019. Filtering by the Yes annotation allows the retrieval of a non-redundant set of exons, coding exons and introns, respectively. 1. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Protein-coding genes Non-coding RNA genes Pseudogenes . Intron data are presented as companions to the relative upstream exon, there will therefore be no intron data in the rows with Last_Exon field showing Yes. A curated database of candidate human ageing-related genes and genes associated with longevity and/or ageing in model organisms. Ezkurdia I, Juan D, Rodriguez JM, Frankish A, Diekhans M, Harrow J, Vazquez J, Valencia A, Tress ML. The UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Homo sapiens proteome contains one representative . Actually, apart from three introns estimated to be of 13bp long due to NCBI Gene Gene Table artifacts [5], there is one unique intron smaller than 30bp, intron 14 of XBP1 gene, in these data. After that, for every cell line, we calculated the fold change of every gene relative to the disease baseline expression, followed by the log2 transformation of the fold change. Non-coding RNA genes: 191 to 594 Springer Nature. Protein-coding genes: 727 to 769 An interactive network plot of the numbers of enriched and group enriched genes in all major organs and tissue types in the human body, connected to their respective enriched tissues. (2021)). qPCR: Uses a reporter probe to detect cDNA (complementary DNA to RNA). Extensive annotations were added to aid identification of differentially expressed genes, potential gene editing sites, and non-coding gene . List of human protein-coding genes page 2 covers genes EPHA2-MTNR1B List of human protein-coding genes page 3 covers genes MTO1-SLC22A6 List of human protein-coding genes page 4 covers genes SLC22A7-ZZZ3 NB: Each list page contains 5000 human protein-coding genes, sorted alphanumerically by the HGNC-approved gene symbol. The colored bars represent number of genes with elevated expression in the associated tissue divided into tissue enriched (red), group enriched (orange) or tissue enhanced (purple) categories according to the transcriptomics based specificity classification. The position of the longest intron is related to biological functions in some human genes. If two predicted genes have been merged to form a new gene, both OLNs are indicated, separated by a slash. Introduction: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that play a key role in post-transcriptional modulation of individual genes' expression. The transcriptomics data was then used to. Google Scholar. -, Piovesan A, Vitale L, Pelleri MC, Strippoli P. Universal tight correlation of codon bias and pool of RNA codons (codonome): the genome is optimized to allow any distribution of gene expression values in the transcriptome from bacteria to humans. [5] [6] [7] Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Piovesan A, Vitale L, Pelleri MC, Strippoli P. Universal tight correlation of codon bias and pool of RNA codons (codonome): the genome is optimized to allow any distribution of gene expression values in the transcriptome from bacteria to humans. 99.4% of the bodys euchromatic DNA is located in chromosome 20. Pseudogenes: 931 to 1,207. The UCSC genome browser database: 2019 update. Both types of genes can produce non-coding transcripts, but non-coding RNA genes do not produce protein-coding transcripts. Next the team showed that the same proportion of human protein-coding genes remain a mystery. Non-coding RNA genes: 323 to 622 Non-coding RNA genes: 422 to 1,188 Using the spreadsheet filtering and summarization functions (Excel for Mac 2011, Microsoft) or exploiting the search and calculation functions in GeneBase (FileMaker Pro) provided identical results in all cases. Objective: 2019;47:D8538. KJ901729 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone ccsbBroadEn_11123 CCL25 gene, encodes complete protein. Google Scholar. Non-coding DNA. Piovesan A, Caracausi M, Antonaros F, Pelleri MC, Vitale L. Database (Oxford). All underlying images of immunohistochemistry stained normal tissues are available together with knowledge-based annotation of protein expression levels. -, Cunningham F, Achuthan P, Akanni W, Allen J, Amode MR, Armean IM, Bennett R, Bhai J, Billis K, Boddu S, et al. The Cell Lines section contains information on genome-wide RNA expression profiles of human protein-coding genes in human cell lines. Other parameters such as gene, exon or intron mean and extreme length appear to have reached a stability that is unlikely to be substantially modified by human genome data updates, at least regarding protein-coding genes. Privacy (2018)). Based on transcriptomics analysis across all major organs and tissue types in the human body, all putative 20090 protein coding genes have been classified with regard to abundance and distribution of transcribed mRNA molecules, including 10986 proteins showing a significantly elevated level of expression in a particular tissue or a group of related tissues and 8776 proteins detected in all organs and tissues. BMC Res Notes 12, 315 (2019). Genes here can impact the space between eyes and thickness of the lower lip. Scientists once thought noncoding DNA was "junk," with no known purpose. Hum Mol Genet. 28S ribosomal protein L42, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL42 gene. Nucleic Acids Res. volume12, Articlenumber:315 (2019) Hum Mol Genet. Maria Chiara Pelleri. 2015;22:495503. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right. Mouse-over reveals the number of genes in each of the three categories. Other parameters such as gene, exon or intron mean and extreme length appear to have reached a stability that is unlikely to be substantially modified by human genome data updates, at least regarding protein-coding genes. Pelleri MC, Cicchini E, Locatelli C, Vitale L, Caracausi M, Piovesan A, Rocca A, Poletti G, Seri M, Strippoli P, et al. It contains 133 million base pairs of nucleotides, or over 4% of the total. Protein-coding genes: 1,357 to 1,469 Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Produces many zinc based proteins, such as ZBTB43 and ZNF79. Nucleic Acids Res. Maddon, P. J. et al. 2018;46:D8D13. California Privacy Statement, Non-coding RNA genes: 324 to 856 Pseudogenes: 513 to 598. The genes in chromosome 2 span 242 million nucleotide base pairs, which also amounts to about 8% of the human DNA. Contains encoding instructions for Acylamino-acid-releasing enzyme, 5-azacytidine-induced protein 2 and protein C3orf23. Gene expression data were processed in the same way as for PROGENy analysis. Click to obtain the corresponding list of genes. Accessibility The track includes both protein-coding genes and non-coding RNA genes. In other words, chromosome 14 usually determines how attractive a person can be. Article The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Google Scholar. AB451389 - Homo sapiens EEF1A2 mRNA for eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 . More surprisingly, until about the year 2000, the fastest growing groups of human genes in the newly added literature were those that have never/rarely been reported about in previous years. Accounting for just one and a half percent of the human genome, chromosome 21 is infamous for its role in Down syndrome. "One reason for this might be that practically all genetic testing performed today focuses on protein coding genes. Thanks to the mapping of the human genome by bodies such as the Human Genome Project, we now understand the size, variant, function and distribution of the genes inside these chromosomes. The length of the bars visualizes the number of elevated genes in each tissue compared to the tissue with the maximum amount of elevated genes (brain). For this, read counts for HPA and CCLE cell lines quantified by Kallisto were re-analyzed without filtering out the non-protein-coding genes to ensure a broadened coverage of cancer pathway responsive genes. Non-coding RNA genes: 246 to 830 Klatzmann, D. et al. We are profoundly grateful to the Fondazione Umano Progresso, Milano, Italy for their fundamental support to our research on trisomy 21 and to this study. Non-coding RNA genes: 165 to 404 GeneBase 1.1: a tool to summarize data from NCBI gene datasets and its application to an update of human gene statistics. Gene Status; AAR2: updated: AASS: updated: AATF: updated: ABCC1: updated: ABHD17A: updated: ABO pending: ACAD9: updated: ACADM: updated: ACBD5: updated: Integrated transcriptome map highlights structural and functional aspects of the normal human heart. When the first draft of the human genome sequence published in 2001, there were approximately 30,000-40,000 protein-coding sequences. In addition, based on biological data mining, for each cell line, the relative activity of 14 cancer-related pathways and 43 cytokines were inferred and presented to characterize the phenotype of the cell line. Consensus pseudogenes predicted by the Yale and UCSC pipelines, Protein-coding transcript translation sequences, Genome sequence, primary assembly (GRCh38), It contains the comprehensive gene annotation on the reference chromosomes only, It contains the comprehensive gene annotation on the reference chromosomes, scaffolds, assembly patches and alternate loci (haplotypes), It contains the comprehensive gene annotation on the primary assembly (chromosomes and scaffolds) sequence regions, It contains the basic gene annotation on the reference chromosomes only, It contains the basic gene annotation on the reference chromosomes, scaffolds, assembly patches and alternate loci (haplotypes), It contains the basic gene annotation on the primary assembly (chromosomes and scaffolds) sequence regions, It contains the comprehensive gene annotation of lncRNA genes on the reference chromosomes, It contains the polyA features (polyA_signal, polyA_site, pseudo_polyA) manually annotated by HAVANA on the reference chromosomes, 2-way consensus (retrotransposed) pseudogenes predicted by the Yale and UCSC pipelines, but not by HAVANA, on the reference chromosomes, tRNA genes predicted by ENSEMBL on the reference chromosomes using tRNAscan-SE, Nucleotide sequences of all transcripts on the reference chromosomes, Nucleotide sequences of coding transcripts on the reference chromosomes, Transcript biotypes: protein_coding, nonsense_mediated_decay, non_stop_decay, IG_*_gene, TR_*_gene, polymorphic_pseudogene, protein_coding_LoF, Amino acid sequences of coding transcript translations on the reference chromosomes, Nucleotide sequences of long non-coding RNA transcripts on the reference chromosomes, Nucleotide sequence of the GRCh38.p13 genome assembly version on all regions, including reference chromosomes, scaffolds, assembly patches and haplotypes, The sequence region names are the same as in the GTF/GFF3 files, Nucleotide sequence of the GRCh38 primary genome assembly (chromosomes and scaffolds), Remarks made during the manual annotation of the transcript, Entrez gene ids associated to GENCODE transcripts (from Ensembl xref pipeline), Piece of evidence used in the annotation of an exon (usually peptides, mRNAs, ESTs), Source of the gene annotation (Ensembl, Havana, Ensembl-Havana merged model or imported in the case of small RNA and mitochondrial genes), HGNC approved gene symbol (from Ensembl xref pipeline), PDB entries associated to the transcript (from Ensembl xref pipeline), Manually annotated polyA features overlapping the transcript 3'-end, Pubmed ids of publications associated to the transcript (from HGNC website), RefSeq RNA and/or protein associated to the transcript (from Ensembl xref pipeline), Amino acid position of a selenocysteine residue in the transcript, UniProtKB/SwissProt entry associated to the transcript (from Ensembl xref pipeline), Piece of evidence used in the annotation of the transcript, UniProtKB/TrEMBL entry associated to the transcript (from Ensembl xref pipeline). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Contains 249 million nucleotide base pairs, which amounts to 8% of the total DNA found in the human body. In this work, we used human genome data to identify possible functions associated with gene size, with a focus on protein-coding regions and genes. List of human protein-coding genes page 4 covers genes SLC22A7-ZZZ3 NB: Each list page contains 5000 human protein-coding genes, sorted alphanumerically by the HGNC -approved gene symbol. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Before The three data tables Genes.xlsx, Transcripts.xlsx and Gene_Table.xlsx have been released in the public repository Open Science Framework and they can be freely downloaded at the address: https://osf.io/mhda7/. Jobs People Learning Dismiss Dismiss. Once the taq polymerase starts to replicate DNA, the probe is destroyed and fluorescent material is released . Pseudogenes: 365 to 502. National Library of Medicine Examples: HI0934, Rv3245c, ECs2657/ECs2658 The genes were classified according to specificity into (i) cancer enriched genes with at least four-fold higher expression levels in one cell line cancer type as compared with any other analyzed cell line cancer types; (ii) group enriched genes with enriched expression in a small number of cell line cancer types (2 to 10); and (iii) cancer enhanced genes with only moderately elevated expression. A gene is a string of DNA that encodes the information necessary to make a protein, which then goes on to perform some function within our cells. Each tissue name is clickable and redirects to the selected proteome. Human protein-coding genes and gene feature statistics in 2019, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4343-8, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Human, non-human primates, domestic species and default for everything that is not a mouse, rat, fish, worm, or fly Full gene names are not italicized and Greek symbols are not used eg: insulin-like growth factor 1 Gene symbols Greek symbols are never used (e.g., TNFA, not TNF; PPARG, not PPAR ;) hyphens are almost never used FLH176500.01L; RZPDo839E01121D eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 2 (EEF1A2) gene, encodes complete protein. The human genome is massive, and contains over 30,000 protein-coding genes, as well as thousands more pseudogenes and non-coding RNAs. Protein-coding genes: 804 to 874 Around 27.9% of the nucleotide sequences inside exhibit no protein encoding. 2013;14:R36. Nucleic Acids Res. CAS Then, the R package decoupleR was used to calculate the relative pathways activities based on the top 100 signature genes per pathway obtained from the R package progeny (Schubert M et al. The RNA expression levels were determined for all protein-coding genes (n = 20090) across the 1055 human cell lines and the results are presented on the gene summary page of the Cell Lines section as exemplified in the figure below. 2023 Jan 25;31:398-410. doi: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.01.010. Human mtDNA consists of 16,569 nucleotide pairs. Its work is centred around internal organ development. A tour through the most studied genes in biology reveals some surprises. Aim: This study was undertaken with the aim to investigate the association of single nucleotide variants; namely . The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 3. Non-coding RNA genes: 707 to 1,924 Click "View all genes" to view a table of human genes. Genetic code variants [ edit] Identification of minimal eukaryotic introns through GeneBase, a user-friendly tool for parsing the NCBI Gene databank. By default, the decoupleR was executed using the top performer methods benchmarked (i.e., mlm for multivariate linear model, ulm for univariate linear model, and wsum for weighted sum) and the results were integrated to obtain a consensus z-score to represent the pathway activity. We aim to name protein-coding genes based on a key normal function of the gene product. The Human Protein Atlas project is funded Gene statistics; Human genes; Protein-coding genes. NB: Each list page contains 5000 human protein-coding genes, sorted alphanumerically by the, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of human protein-coding genes page 1, List of human protein-coding genes page 2, List of human protein-coding genes page 3, List of human protein-coding genes page 4, Entrez-Cross Database Query Search System, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists_of_human_genes&oldid=1095516146, This page was last edited on 28 June 2022, at 20:15. The cell line cancer enriched and group enriched genes are displayed in the interactive plot below, in which clicking on the red and orange circles results in gene lists for the corresponding enriched and group enriched genes, respectively. This section of the Human Protein Atlas focuses on the expression profiles in human tissues of genes both on the mRNA and protein level. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The reasons for the choice of the NCBI Gene database as a reference data source have been previously discussed in detail [6]. 2003, 460464 (2003). The .gov means its official. Get what matters in translational research, free to your inbox weekly. J Cell Physiol. National Center for Biotechnology Information, highly restricted Down Syndrome critical region. Click on a cluster or Go to interactive expression cluster page to view an interactive UMAP and details about all cluster annotations. The Pathology section contains mRNA and protein expression data from 17 different forms of human cancer. 2685 5610 8170 2764 861 Elevated in brain Elevated in other but expressed in brain Low tissue specificity but expressed in brain Not detected in . For instance, it would easily become possible to explore hypotheses about the correlation of structural details of human nuclear protein-coding genes to their level of expression, exploiting quantitative descriptions of the human transcriptome [13], or to the dosage of metabolites related to enzyme proteins, exploiting quantitative representations of human metabolome in health and disease [14]. DIMES N. 3997 24-11-2015/Fondazione Umano Progresso, NCBI Resource Coordinators Database resources of the national center for biotechnology information. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. J. Clin. Explore the proteomes of specific tissues and organs, The Human Protein Atlas project is funded, protein localization in tissues at a single-cell level, if a gene is enriched in a particular tissue (specificity), which genes have a similar expression profile across tissues (expression cluster). Database resources of the national center for biotechnology information. FOIA Friedrich, G. & Soriano, P. Genes Dev. The human genome began with the assumption that our genome contains 100,000 protein-coding genes, and estimates published in the 1990s revised this number slightly downward, usually reporting values between 50,000 and 100,000. Protein-coding genes: 583 to 820 These data might also be used in comparative genomic studies when compared to similar data sets generated from different species to uncover specific and significant differences in genome and gene organization. The expression for all protein-coding genes in all major tissues and organs in the human body can be explored in this interactive database, including numerous catalogs of proteins expressed in a tissue-restricted manner. The various subproteomes can be explored in this interactive database including numerous catalogs of protein-coding genes with detailed information regarding expression and localization of the corresponding proteins. Then, protein-manufacturing machinery within the cell scans the RNA, reading the nucleotides in groups of three. Protein-coding genes: 790 to 886 In addition, data can be exported in other formats and imported in other applications (database management systems, statistical software, genomic tools) for further analysis. Genomics. The orange circles indicate the number of genes with enriched expression in a group of tissues, connected by lines. Article In 2008, a draft of the complete human proteome was released from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: the approximately 20,000 putative human protein-coding genes were represented by one UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entry each, tagged with the keyword 'Complete proteome' (now obsolete) and later linked to proteome identifier UP000005640.. Non-coding RNA genes: 328 to 992 Search human. Further analysis of transcriptome data and clinical data from cancer patients showed that recurrently p53-regulated lncRNAs are associated with patient survival. PubMed Central Protein-coding genes: 795 to 912 Cunningham F, Achuthan P, Akanni W, Allen J, Amode MR, Armean IM, Bennett R, Bhai J, Billis K, Boddu S, et al. 2023 Jan 20;9(3):eabq5072. The UMAP was generated by clustering genes based on expression patterns. Terms and Conditions, Humans have about 20,000 protein-coding genes but scientists still know remarkably little about most of the proteins they encode. Often, these have a clear link to human health, as with mouse versions of TP53, or env, a viral gene that encodes envelope proteins. The best assembled were COX1, COX3, and ND4L, as they have collected more than 90% of the protein-coding-gene length. Dismiss. Next-generation transcriptome assembly: strategies and performance analysis. Here we provide a tabulated set of data about human nuclear protein-coding genes (genes, transcripts and gene features such as exons, coding portion of the exons and introns) derived from advanced parsing of NCBI Gene web site offered in a standard, ready-to-use spreadsheet format. of the ORF-K1 gene encoding a highly variable glycoprotein related to the immunoglobulin receptor family that maps at the extreme left-hand end of the HHV-8 genome. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-017-07291-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4343-8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4343-8. Chromosome values were re-exported from GeneBase in text format and pasted into the relative column of Genes.xlsx file to avoid misinterpretation of X and Y values as numbers by Excel. First, the data are now updated as of January 2019 rather than January 2016, exploiting novel information made available in the last 3years and thus showing how some parameters have been subjected to relevant changes, while others appear to be stable. We identified 5,737 putative protein-coding genes that result from mRNA modified by human polymorphisms and have significant homology to known proteins. Python scripts provided with the software were run for the initial data pre-processing. Protein coding genes. So far, about 19,000 lncRNAs genes have been annotated in the human genome (Gencode 41), nearly matching the number of protein-coding genes. Natl Acad. statement and An official website of the United States government. Front Genet. Pseudogenes: 433 to 594. Higher-order chromatin conformation forms a scaffold upon which epigenetic mechanisms converge to regulate gene expression [1, 2].Many genes are expressed in an allele-specific manner in the human genome, and this phenomenon is an important contributor to heritable differences in phenotypic traits and can be cause of congenital and acquired diseases including cancer [3, 4]. AB046579 - Homo sapiens teckvar mRNA for chemokine TECK variant precursor, . This is a list of 1639 genes which encode proteins that are known or expected to function as human transcription factors.
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