The word 'Oxymoron' is originally derived from the Greek elements: oxy = sharp and moros (moron) = dull (foolish). As shown by this list of 100 awfully good examples, oxymorons are also part of our everyday speech. One example of a skillful oxymoron isreal fake. Althoughthe adjective "sweet" evokes a giddy, romantic emotion, the word "sorrow" callsto mind the much less happy, far more depressing aspect of having tobid farewell to someone you'd rather not leave. Taken to its logical conclusion, this emphasis on the fragmentation of the body politic makes postmodern feminism an, He calls himself a "bleeding-heart conservative," and that, As the war went on, "precision bombing" became a comical, While putting those two words together is seemingly an, The riff-laden metal song may be the best-sounding Nickelback song in years and no, that is not an, For many parents, teenager communication skills is an, Affordable fine jewelry may sound like an, But the Clippers just didnt get enough Sunday, the, Consciousness without content strikes me as a contradiction, an, Once it was established that high-performance SUVs were not an, Post the Definition of oxymoron to Facebook, Share the Definition of oxymoron on Twitter. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. https://www.thoughtco.com/awfully-good-examples-of-oxymorons-1691814 (accessed March 4, 2023). Oxymorons are often used in everyday conversation and ina breadth of writing, such as literature, poetry, and songwriting. For example, just pairing any two words that are contradictory wont make for an effective oxymoron. Privacy Policy. It might sound like a schoolyard insult, but its not. One example of this is when Oscar Wilde comically reflected on the fact that he "can resist anything, except temptation.". A spendthrift, thereore, is a person who foolishly squanders those savings. Here are some examples of oxymoron phrases in well-known literary works, along with how they add to interpretation: Good night, good night! It is often composed of an adjective and a noun that are not usually seen together, juxtaposed in a startling way. Like. The pairing of contradictory terms grabs attention, generates surprise, and creates an impression. Oxymorons aren't limited to the first few letters of the alphabet. The phrase terrific liar pairs two words that have opposing connotations. All rights reserved. From 5th century Latin oxymoron, from Ancient Greek (oxus, "sharp") (English oxy-, as in oxygen) + (mros, "dull") (English moron ("stupid person")).Literally "sharp-dull", itself an oxymoron, hence autological; compare sophomore (literally "wise fool"), influenced by similar analysis.The compound form * (oxumron) is not found in the extant Greek . Write with Grammarly. We are no longer supporting IE (Internet Explorer) as we strive to provide site experiences for browsers that support new web standards and security practices. It may seem illogical or unrealistic, but, upon reflection, its based in reality and stems from valid reasoning. RELATED: Palindrome Examples: Words and Phrases That Are the Same Backwards and Forwards, RELATED: The Most Confusing Rules in the Grammar World, RELATED:The Best-Ever Hyperbole Examples, RELATED: Pangram Examples Every Word Lover Will Appreciate. The other two oxymorons emphasize the fact that no matter what happensfor example,no matter how sad or defeated the speaker might feelthere willalways be a silver lining in that he'swith the love of his life. We are no longer supporting IE (Internet Explorer), Palindrome Examples: Words and Phrases That Are the Same Backwards and Forwards, The Most Confusing Rules in the Grammar World, Pangram Examples Every Word Lover Will Appreciate, Stock Your Spring Closet with 12 Dresses Under $100, More Than 300 Words Were Just Added to Dictionary.com, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, The Sound of Silence: Song by Simon & Garfunkel, All your perfect imperfections: John Legend in his song All of Me, Clara Barton: I distinctly remember forgetting that., Isaac Bashevis Singer: We must believe in free will. A paradox is a statement or argument that seems to be contradictory or to go against common sense, but that is yet perhaps still truefor example, "less is more.". For example, if a character receives apainful smile,this creates a significant dramatic effect. It was featured notably by Leonardo da Vinci in such works as The Adoration of the Magi (ca. These word pairings are not inherently opposite, but their individual concepts can seem contradictory when combined. Generally, the ideas will come astwo separate words placed side by side. An oxymoron can seem absurd yet make perfect sense at the same time. There is nothing really contradictory about jumbo shrimp, for examplea shrimp is a crustacean that comes in a variety of sizes and happens to have another sense meaning a small thing. Others, such as guest host or plastic glass, depend on how much credence you give to the idea of their components being opposites. oxymoron: 1 n conjoining contradictory terms (as in `deafening silence') Type of: figure , figure of speech , image , trope language used in a figurative or nonliteral sense The Greek compound word oksmron, which would correspond to the Latin formation, does not seem to appear in any known Ancient Greek works prior to the formation of the Latin term.[8]. An oxymoron is a conjoined pair of (seemingly) contradictory terms, e.g.deafening silence, pretty ugly, same difference, silent scream, or jumbo shrimp. This contradiction is also known as aparadox. Note: All bold emphasis in the following quotations is my own. "damn with faint praise" (Pope),[15] It's likely you've used, or at least heard, a few oxymorons in your everyday life, even if you didn't realize it at the time. (see what we did there? Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is! [7] The word oxymoron is autological, i.e. the word nascar is an oxymoron 03 Jun. If something is original,then it is not a copy. There are quite a few in just the first three letters. More than a few have even become commonplace expressions in modern-day English, such as these oxymoron examples: As with other literary devices like metaphor, onomatopoeia, and hyperbole, oxymorons have a few different purposes in writing, all of which are quite useful in the right situation: As a contradiction of terms, an oxymoron both stands out and also elicits critical thinking. Terrific has positive connotations, as in wonderful or extraordinarily great. the word nascar is an oxymoron. The most common type of oxymoron is an adjective followed by a noun. An oxymoron refers to a word, phrase, or use of language that seems to directly contradict itself, and it is believed to come from the Greek ox(s), sharp, andmrs, dull. So the word for oxymoron actuallyisan oxymoron in Greek! nt authority local system. Sometimes they're used to create a little bit of drama for the reader; sometimes they're used to make a person stop and think, whether that's to laugh or to wonder. . Salinger uses an oxymoron in this quote by Holden Caulfield, the narrator of the novel. . ", Oxymorons have been used since the days of the ancient Greek poets. The word 'big' is added to emphasise the fact that someone is acting more childishly than you would expect. The term chiaroscuro, used in Renaissance painting, refers to the transition from light to shadow across an object (such as a muscled arm) to create the perception of depth. But once you become fluent in English, it's easy to recognize such oxymorons for the figures of speech that they are. n, -mor- / grammar a phrase or statement that seems to say two opposite things, as in " jumbo shrimp " and " agree to disagree " (Definition of oxymoron from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary Cambridge University Press) Examples of oxymoron oxymoron Similarly, "choice" implies more than one option, which is contradicted by "only," which implies the opposite. This book, in which Wallace presents employees of the IRS and their spectacularly damaged lives, often dwells on the connection between tedium and pain. Also, this oxymoron is ironic in the context of a poem in which a funeral is the subject. As a literary device, it is used to make certain word combinations more thought-provoking to stand out. Oxymorons are similar to such other devices as paradox and antithesis and are often used in poetry and other literature. However, if you think too hard about the meaning, you'll realize that on the surface it doesn't quite make sense. Oxymorons combine contradictory words, but paradoxes combine contradictory ideas. Adding "jumbo" doesn't make the . This excerpt from Irish poet William Butler Yeats famous poem "Easter 1916" has the prominent oxymoron "terrible beauty," which is repeated again at the end of the poem. Therefore, the linguistic skill demonstrated in this oxymoron is a layered. As a rhetorical device, an oxymoron illustrates a point to communicate and reveal a paradox. Oxymoron of the Day Favorite Oxymoron Terms Calm Storm (Science) Casual Chic (Fashion) Cat fish (Science) Chili (Food) In other words, oxymorons are contradictive words or phrases used intentionally to create an effect. Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone. that juxtaposes contradictory terms. "faith unfaithful", "falsely true" (Tennyson),[16] The suggestion is that after a year into high school or college, a sophomore might think they know everything there is to know, but really has a long way to go. Combining the idea of before and after leads to a word that describes something that makes so little sense that it leaves you shaking your head. 1481-82). Our new student and parent forum, at ExpertHub.PrepScholar.com, allow you to interact with your peers and the PrepScholar staff. May they inspire you through all your writing adventures. The word oxymoron is an ancient Greek word, which translates most closely to something like sharply dull or cleverly stupid. In other words, the oxymoron definition is itself an oxymoron. He was very warmly thanked both by mother and daughter; to escape a little from the latter, he went to the pianoforte, and begged Miss Fairfax, who was still sitting at it, to play something more. The main difference between an oxymoron and a paradox is that oxymorons use contradictory words whereas paradoxes use contradictory ideas. There are many examples of oxymorons in the English language such as "jumbo shrimp," "hot ice," and "civil war." Oxymoron is a word that literally means "contradictory terms." Wills argues that use of the term "oxymoron" should remain reserved for the conscious use of contradiction to express something that is "surprisingly true". They also occasionally work well with figurative language to compound the power behind certain words. to compound the power behind certain words. oxymoron (n.) in rhetoric, "a figure conjoining words or terms apparently contradictory so as to give point to the statement or expression," 1650s, from Greek oxymron, noun use of neuter of oxymros (adj.) the word nascar is an oxymoron the word nascar is an oxymoron. This combination of contrary or antithetical words is also known in conversation as a contradiction in terms. Slow and steady wins the race. So how did we arrive at spendthrift for a word for someone who spends money wastefully? An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines contradictory words with opposing meanings, like "old news," "deafening silence," or "organized chaos." Oxymorons may seem illogical at first, but in context they usually make sense. Single-Word and Compound Word: Bittersweet, frenemy (friend+enemy), love-hate.Adjective + Noun: Sweet sorrow (made famous by William . Also, they often lead the reader to an underlying truth. You mightve heard of another literary device called the paradox, which is similar but not identical to the oxymoron. Bittersweet When we think of oxymorons, we often think of two-word phrases with seemingly opposite components, like "alone together" or "sweet sorrow." Here are some examples of oxymoron that may be found in everyday writing or conversation: Think you havent heard of any famous oxymorons? the word nascar is an oxymoron mars 15, 2021 by 0 Comments 0 View. William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet. Prevent the dog from barking with a juicy bone. When a single word contains two conflicting ideas. and Our vetted tutor database includes a range of experienced educators who can help you polish an essay for English or explain how derivatives work for Calculus. Here are instances in which its effective to use oxymoron in writing: Since most people dont use oxymoron very often when speaking, it does take linguistic skill to create one that is successful. 'Simile' and 'metaphor' are just the beginning. For example, oxymoron phrases such as marital bliss, military intelligence,andbusiness ethics,depending on how they are used as figures of speech, can be effective literary devices to indicate irony. An oxymoron is usually just two words (sometimes one, as in bittersweet), but a paradox is an entire statement, usually a standalone sentence or even a full, What is the difference between oxymoron and paradox?, A Guide to Using Plain Language in Writing. These figures of speech can enhance a readers understanding of a concept, interpretation of a phrase, or enjoyment of language. Delivered to your inbox! In its original Italian, chiaro means clear or light, while oscuro means obscure or dark., One ambitious curator went for a whole Caravaggio, The Supper at Emmaus, using clever kitchen lighting for some real-life chiaroscuro. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. An oxymoron (plurals: oxymorons and oxymora) is a figure of speech that juxtaposes concepts with opposite meanings within a word or in a phrase that is a self-contradiction. An oxymoron is a term for a figure of speech that is made up of two or more words that seem to be the opposite of each other or truly are opposite of each other. Like a paradox, an oxymoron is whats known as a contradiction in terms, although oxymorons and paradoxes are two different things, as explained below. Sign up for our weekly newsletters and get: By signing in, you agree to our Terms and Conditions Banksy, Wall and Piece. 6 Critically Acclaimed Female Authors You Should Read Before You Die, These Favorite Childrens Book Quotes Will Take You Back In Time, Survival Books Fiction: 5 Fascinating Tales to Read in 2021, Must Read Fiction Books: 5 Essential Literature Classics, Non Fiction War Books: 5 Essential True Stories About War and Peace, Fiction Books for 2nd Graders: 5 Essentials to Add to your Shelves. Or plastic silverware. Instead, meaning should be derived from the context in which an oxymoron is used. by William Shakespeare, wherein combining things that contrast is an ongoing theme.) In speech, oxymorons can lend a sense of humor, irony, or sarcasm. Oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines two normally contradictory terms think "deafening silence," "wise fool" or "cruel kindness.". oxymoron definition: 1. two words or phrases used together that have, or seem to have, opposite meanings: 2. two words. "pointedly foolish," from oxys "sharp, pointed" (from PIE root *ak- "be sharp, rise (out) to a point, pierce") + mros "stupid" (see moron ). Common examples of oxymorons include cruel kindness, open secret, and jumbo shrimp . Some oxymorons are accidental and/or so common in our speech that we dont realize that theyre totally contradictory. the word nascar is an oxymoron. An oxymoron refers to a word, phrase, or use of language that seems to directly contradict itself, and it is. Real fake is a combination of contradictory terms. However, the terms are also complementary as a pair. The fascinating story behind many people's favori Can you handle the (barometric) pressure? [20] When we think of oxymorons, we often think of two-word phrases with seemingly opposite components, like "alone together" or "sweet sorrow." All Rights Reserved. Well provide oxymoron examples and provide guidance on how theyre used, but first, lets look at a more thorough oxymoron definition. J. R. R. Tolkien interpreted his own surname as derived from the Low German equivalent of dull-keen (High German toll-khn) which would be a literal equivalent of Greek oxy-moron. Paradox is a literary device in which a statement or group of statements features initially contrasting ideas. In cuisine, it describes things like dark chocolate, which is thought of as sweet but in reality contains little sugar, so has a sharper taste than regular chocolate. [1][2] A general meaning of "contradiction in terms" is recorded by the 1902 edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. It might sound like a schoolyard insult, but it's not. The phrase original copyis a good illustration of an oxymoron. As rhetorical devices, oxymorons have been used in many different mediums from political speeches to novels to stage plays. In this poem, Lord Byron uses the oxymoron melancholy merriment to describe the feelings and connections between sadness and joy. Awfully good, bittersweet, same difference, and original copy are a few oxymoron examples. An oxymoron is a combination of words, typically just two words, with contradictory meanings. Figure of Speech: Definition and Examples, Definition and Examples of Irony (Figure of Speech). We have no choice., Mark Twain: It usually takes more than three weeks to prepare a good impromptu speech., Samuel Goldwyn: A verbal contract isnt worth the paper its written on.. All rights reserved. The dictionary defines an oxymoron as a "wittily paradoxical turn of phrase that appeals to 'unconscious responses' instead of rational examinations". josh brener commercial. That makes oxymorons a serious option in, is fairly neutralit can be calm or tense, depending on the context. For example, in Chinese, compounds like (man and woman, male and female, gender), (yin and yang), (good and evil, morality) are used to indicate couples, ranges, or the trait that these are extremes of. For nearly 40 years . Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! Well provide oxymoron examples and provide guidance on how theyre used, but first, lets look at a more thorough oxymoron definition. In literary contexts, the author does not usually signal the use of an oxymoron, but in rhetorical usage, it has become common practice to advertise the use of an oxymoron explicitly to clarify the argument, as in: In this example, "Epicurean pessimist" would be recognized as an oxymoron in any case, as the core tenet of Epicureanism is equanimity (which would preclude any sort of pessimist outlook). The N Word is a figure of speech - a racist and hateful figure of speech. The word is said to be originated from the Greek words, oxy, meaning sharp, pointed and moron, moros that meant dull or foolish. In this poem, Auden utilizes the oxymoron juicy bone. Of course, a bone is generally considered dry and the opposite of juicy. Consider these oxymoron examples: I am a deeply superficial person. Andy Warhol, I distinctly remember forgetting that. Clara Barton. The word follows an earlier obsolete noun dingthrift, with ding meaning to deal blows to, knock down, or beat., We couldnt have a list of oxymorons without mentioning oxymoron itself. The pairing, while apparently paradoxical . As a literary device, oxymoron has the effect of creating an impression, enhancing a concept, and even entertaining the reader. Grammarly can check your spelling and save you from grammar and punctuation mistakes. 'Hiemal,' 'brumation,' & other rare wintry words. Reading these words together will often cause a reader to pause and think about what the writer is trying to convey. An oxymoron is also a noun that's defined as "a figure of speech by which a locution produces an incongruous, seemingly self-contradictory effect, as in 'cruel kindness' or 'to make haste slowly.'" So when contradictory or opposing words are combined, that expression is an oxymoron. The reader must momentarily pause to comprehend and process the meaningin other words, oxymorons make the reader think. When someone says a phrase such as "clearly confused," the speaker is finding a new way to describe that individual or object. William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, O brawling love! This five puzzle package is a collection of the five puzzles that I've written on the palindrome, the oxymoron, and the onomatopoeia figures of speech. 2023 LoveToKnow Media. Oxymorons in the narrow sense are a rhetorical device used deliberately by the speaker, and intended to be understood as such by the listener. Yet, original copy as an oxymoron commonly and figuratively means that the content of the copy is original. An oxymoron is a literary device that juxtaposes contradictory terms. situs link alternatif kamislot the word nascar is an oxymoron Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Idylls of the King, Parting is such sweet sorrow. Now you can see that oxymorons add humor or drama to speech or writing, allowing you to make a funny or pointed remark. Consider these paradox examples: You have to spend money to make money. Here are some of the more famous oxymoron examples from historical literature: With loads of learned lumber in his head . To save this word, you'll need to log in. The scope of a paradox can go much deeper, drawing on complicated themes and philosophical concepts. Lets get this one out of the way. 4 Answers. Grammarly helps you communicate confidently. An oxymoron is a figure of speech where two terms seem contradictory. According to Dictionary, the word oxymoron has been used since the 17th century and comes from the New Latin and Late Latin oxymorum, which stems from the presumed Greek oxmron and Greek oxumron which is the neuter of oxmros/oxumros and equivalent to ox, then added to the suffix mrs. An oxymoron is a consecutive set of words that have contradictory meanings. Oxymorons is now more common in print than oxymora, but you'll find the latter listed in most dictionaries. They can enhance writing and communication in a variety of ways, including by adding dramatic effect. A person who is thrifty does not like to spend money. An oxymoronis a figure of speech, usually one or two words, in which seemingly contradictory terms appear side by side. Exactly! Posted at 14:06h in does jetblue have power outlets by white stuff on frozen chicken. For even more examples of oxymorons in sentences, take a look at these examples of funny oxymoron quotes. Oxymoron is sometimes used to describe a word combination that strikes the listener as humorously contradictory, even if the speaker didn't intend it that way. where do you file a complaint against a hospital; failure to pay full time and attention va code; bones angela and hodgins in jail; mirabella svadobny salon dubnica nad vahom Grammarly stands with our friends, colleagues, and family in Ukraine, and with all people of Ukraine. Copyright Penlighten & Buzzle.com, Inc. Ask below and we'll reply! Yes. However, if there is no figurative or underlying meaning to the phrase, it shouldnt be used as a proper oxymoron. Here are some examples of oxymoron that may be found in everyday expression: insertListLink('', 2, 2, 'shortexamples'). If this statement is indeed false as it says, then this would actually make it true. This next oxymoron example is about Queen Guinevere and Sir Lancelot's tragic love affair. Oxymorons are often used poetically as a way of bringing out a fresh meaning in a word or phrase. An oxymoron term is a literary figure of speech in which opposite or contradictory words, phrases, terms or ideas are combined to create a rhetorical effect by paradoxical means. She feels sadness knowing she must say good night to Romeo. According to Wills, Buckley has "poisoned the general currency" of the word oxymoron by using it as just a "fancier word for 'contradiction'", when he said that "an intelligent liberal is an oxymoron". In some languages, it is not necessary to place a conjunction like and between the two antonyms; such compounds (not necessarily of antonyms) are known as dvandvas (a term taken from Sanskrit grammar). An example of such a "comical oxymoron" is "educational television": the humour derives entirely from the claim that it is an oxymoron by the implication that "television" is so trivial as to be inherently incompatible with "education". Two involve the palindrome, two involve the oxymoron, and one involves onomatopoeia. Who Are The Most Romantic Literary Figures of All Time? June 3, 2022 . Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about oxymoron. Also, mastering the oxymoron is an elegant way to weave clever wordplay into your creative writing.. An oxymoron can be a word or phrase in one of these formats: . It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Mom, and True Lies.. Value Added Publishing. The College Entrance Examination BoardTM does not endorse, nor is it affiliated in any way with the owner or any content of this site. ), so this article explains everything you need to know. You might say that they juxtapose each other, which means, when placed close together, they create an. Rather, an oxymoron is a cool literary device you can use in your creative writing. With good, and bad, and worse, alike prolific, Too much of one sort would be soporific;. Check out our top-rated graduate blogs here: PrepScholar 2013-2018. Check out the oxymoron definition. Oxymoron definition: If you describe a phrase as an oxymoron , you mean that what it refers to combines two. Not monosyllabic or one word, but I came upon an "oxymoron that isn't" in a book I am reading, The Pale King, David Foster Wallace (posthumous): "spectacularly dull."It turns out this phrase is pretty common. Bring out the coffin, let the mourners come. This figure of speech is clever in that utilizing the word real to describe something that is fake actually lends a sense of truth and authenticity to something that is, by nature, untrue and inauthentic. the word nascar is an oxymoron. Learn a new word every day. From 2013 to 2015, she taught English in Japan via the JET Program. Nordquist, Richard. Supermarket was coined by adding the prefix super- (higher in quantity, quality, or degree) to the noun market for a large store that carried a vast assortment of groceries and other household goods. The fascinating story behind many people's favori Can you handle the (barometric) pressure? Paired together, however, they create a deeper meaning. For example, if a character is described as a man child, this oxymoron calls up a humorous image of a child that looks like a man or vice-versa. One of the most famous examples of the use of oxymorons is the following speech by Romeo from William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet: "delighted sorrow", "loyal treachery", "scalding coolness" (Hemingway).[18]. Oxymorons are often confused with paradoxesafter all, both are textbook contradictions of terms. "Saturday Night Live transcripts." Feeling 'bumfuzzled' or have the 'collywobbles'? An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines two seemingly contradictory or opposite ideas to create a certain rhetorical or poetic effect and reveal a deeper truth. It comes from the Greek words osks, meaning sharp or keen, and mors meaning dull or foolish. Quotes tagged as "oxymoron" Showing 1-30 of 30. Many oxymora are simple to understand and interpret their hidden meaning. An oxymoron is a phrase made of two or more words that actually have opposite meanings. An oxymoron is a figure of speech, usually one or two words, in which seemingly contradictory terms appear side by side. is an ancient Greek word, which translates most closely to something like sharply dull or cleverly stupid. In other words, the oxymoron definition is itself an oxymoron. Im the most terrific liar you ever saw in your life. Writers and poets have used it for centuries as a literary device to describe life's inherent conflicts and incongruities. The common oxymoron phrase is a combination of an adjective followed by a noun with contrasting meanings. An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines contradictory words with opposing meanings, like old news, deafening silence, or organized chaos. Oxymorons may seem illogical at first, but in context they usually make sense. For some real-world examples of oxymorons in writing, review a few lines from literature and songs. It makes more sense when you read the thrift in spendthrift as a noun that can refer to the savings that one has accumulated through the careful management of money. This list is in no way comprehensive, and just aims at giving you an idea as to what oxymora are. Oxymoron phrases can be figuratively true, but not literally true. The Greek expression "to oxymoron" refers, literally, to the "acutely mad". - Contact Us - Privacy Policy - Terms and Conditions, Definition and Examples of Literary Terms, Little Bighorn Battlefield (national monument in Montana), CatDog (American animated television series), Big Little Lies (book by Liane Moriarty, adapted into television series for HBO), Quotes from a Devout Atheist (compilation book of Richard Dawkins quotes), Waking Dream (American documentary film), You cant have more types of fake news than real news. (Elon Musk), Im nobody! Oxymoron Definitions The dictionary definition of oxymoron is:- A rhetorical figure of speech in which contradictory terms are paired, for example, alone together, current history or boneless ribs. These lines come from the hit 2013 song "All of Me" recorded by John Legend. Smiles are rarely associated with pain. There are oxymorons throughout the alphabet, from "a" to "z."
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