We estimate that the geographic origin of hg G plausibly locates somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. In Turkey, the South Caucasus and Iran, haplogroup G reaches the highest percentage of national populations. Then we applied a 10% overall hg G frequency threshold and the additional specification that both haplogroup G1 and G2 lineages also be present. The presence of the SNP P18 mutation characterizes G2a1a's only subclade, G2a1a. The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective. IK thanks the Russian Foundation for Basic Research for grant 08-06-97011 and the Grant of the President of the Russian Federation of state support for young Russian scientists MK-488.2006.4. Unresolved G2a-P15* lineages occur across a wide area extending from the Near/Middle East to the Balkans and Western Europe in the west, the Caucasus (especially the South Caucasus) in the north and Pakistan in the east. Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Borinskaya SA et al. [20] The city is on the banks of the river Drava, which notably begins in the Tirol/Tyrol region of the Alps, another haplogroup G focus area in Europe. G2a2b2a is also found in India. (a) Principal component analysis by population. The L141 mutation is found on the Y chromosome at 2948607. Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, et al. PLoS Biol 2010; 8: e1000536. In contrast to its widely dispersed sister clade defined by P303, hg G-M406 has a peak frequency in Cappadocia, Mediterranean Anatolia and Central Anatolia (67%) and it is not detected in most other regions with considerable P303 frequency. Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. Men with the haplogroup G marker moved into Europe in Neolithic times. Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a). Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. G-M201 is most commonly found among various ethnic groups of the Caucasus, but is also widely distributed at low frequencies among ethnic groups throughout Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and North Africa. Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic. The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people. Haplogroup G (M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11: 69. The network was obtained using the biallelic markers P303, M426, L497, U1, M527 and 19 STR loci (DYS19, DYS388, DYS389I, DYS389b, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS439, DYS461 (TAGA counts), DYS385a,b, DYS437, DYS438, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635, YGATAH4). The complexity is apparent in both the phylogenetic resolution and geographic patterning within hgs G and J2a. The following SNPs are so far identified as M201 equivalents: L116, L154, L269, L294, L240, P257, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, Page 94, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17, U20, U21, U23 and U33. The P303 SNP defines the most frequent and widespread G sub-haplogroup. Although both broadly distributed, G2a-P15* and its downstream L91 sub-lineage have low frequencies, with the exception of Sardinia and Corsica. Ann Hum Genet 2008; 72: 205214. The authors of the Spanish study indicated that the Avellaner men had rare marker values in testing of their short tandem repeat (STR) markers. Haplogroup G was the first branch of Haplogroup F outside of Africa. Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration. G-CTS2488 or G2a2b2 (also known as G-L141.1; previously G-141 and G2a3b) was identified only in mid-2009 at Family Tree DNA. Haplogroup G first locations (T. Kandell). In 2012, SNPs with the Z designation as first identified by citizen researchers from 1000 Genomes Project data began to appear. Men with the haplogroup G marker moved into Europe in Neolithic times. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16: 374386. Parent Branch: G-FGC5081 Descendant branch(s): G-Z17084 G-Z45043 FTDNA Tree Link: Link YFull Info. Several G-PF3359 subclades, based on shared STR markers, probably exist. The G2 clade consists of one widespread but relatively infrequent collection of P287*, M377, M286 and M287 chromosomes versus a more abundant assemblage consisting of G2a-related P15*, P16 and M485-related lineages. The Caucasus are today mainly the countries of Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and southwestern Russia. The Y-chromosomal haplogroup G (hg G) is currently defined as one of the 20 standard haplogroups comprising the global Y-chromosome phylogeny.1 The phylogeographic demarcation zone of hg G is largely restricted to populations of the Caucasus and the Near/Middle East and southern Europe. Geographic spread patterns of the P303-derived groups defined by L497, U1 and P15(xP303)-derived P16 and M406 lineages, all of which achieve a peak frequency of at least 10%, are presented in Figures 2bf, respectively. In other words, these mutations are so unique that they could only come from other cells with the same mutations. The M527-defined sub-clade is unusual in that it reflects the presence of hg G-U1 that is otherwise rare in Europe. Name: G-L14 Age: 7800 ybp 1700 CI 95% Expansion: 5200 ybp 1900 CI 95% Parent: G-L1 Note: This information does not imply an endorcement of YFull or their methods. It is provided at the request of readers. The origin of haplogroup G is controversial. Various estimated dates and locations have been proposed for the origin of G-M201, most of them in Western Asia. There are seeming pockets of unusual concentrations within Europe. Notably no basal G-M201*, Page94*(xM285, P287) chromosomes were detected in our data set. Google Scholar. The highest percentage of G-P303 persons in a discrete population so far described is on the island of Ibiza off the eastern Spanish coast. The M201 SNP mutation that characterizes haplogroup G was identified at Stanford University and was first reported in 2001. The overall coalescent age estimate (Supplementary Table S4) for P303 is 12600 years ago. But unusual values or unusual value combinations found at short tandem repeat markers (STRs) can also provide the basis of additional taxonomisation. Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Feldman MW : Difference between evolutionarily effective and germ line mutation rate due to stochastically varying haplogroup size. No clinal patterns were detected suggesting that the distributions are rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. First, the G2a1-P16 lineage is effectively Caucasus specific and accounts for about one-third of the Caucasian male gene pool (Figure 2f). (a)(f) Spatial frequency maps of haplogroup G (hg G) and its sub-clades with frequencies over 10%. Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME et al. Cinnioglu C, King R, Kivisild T et al. This is achieved by comparing the haplotypes through the STR markers. In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Important caveats to consider include the fact that Td is sensitive to authentic rare outlier alleles and that multiple founders during population formation will inflate the age estimate of the event. A majority of members of G-P303 belong to one of its subclades, rather than to G-P303*, The largest G-P303* subclade based on available samples is one in which almost all persons have the value of 13 at STR marker DYS388. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 694704. Here we present the haplogroup frequency distribution and STR variation of 16 informative G sub-clades by evaluating 1472 haplogroup G chromosomes belonging to 98 populations ranging from Europe to Pakistan. Haplogroup F is the parent of haplogroups from G to R; however excluding these common haplogroups, the minor clades F*, F1, and F2, seem to appear in the Indian continent [68]. volume20,pages 12751282 (2012)Cite this article. Dulik MC, Zhadanov SI, Osipova LP et al. L1771.1/ L177_1, L1771.2/L177_2, L177.3/L177_3) was withdrawn as an identifier by ISOGG in 2013, after it was "found to be an unreliable palindromic snp". There are multiple SNPs which so far have the same coverage as P15. The Iceman belongs to haplogroup G2a2b [13] (earlier called G2a4). Origin. In the Americas, the percentage of haplogroup G corresponds to the numbers of persons from Old World countries who emigrated. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 22682270. Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on European Journal of Human Genetics website, Rootsi, S., Myres, N., Lin, A. et al. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 28: 29052920. If a sample meets the criteria indicated for these three markers, it is likely the sample is G2a2b1. Nasidze I, Quinque D, Dupanloup I et al. Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography. Hg G is most common in the Caucasus with a maximum frequency exceeding 70% in North Ossetians,2, 3 decreasing to 13% in Iran4 and then rapidly dissipating further eastward. In the Russian North Caucasus the Kabardinian and Ossetian populations are also notable for high rates of G-M201. Although hg G1 frequency distribution, overall, extends further eastward as far as Central Asian Kazakhs (present even among Altaian Kazakhs38 with identical STR haplotypes compared with the main Kazakh population), it is virtually absent in Europe. The Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering) program was used (median-joining algorithm and the post-processing option). The Caucasus as an asymmetric semipermeable barrier to ancient human migrations. The first principal component separates the populations of the Caucasus from those of Europe, with the Near/Middle Eastern populations being intermediate (Figure 3a). While acknowledging that the inference of the age and geographic source of dispersals of Y chromosome haplogroups from the frequency and STR diversity data can be approximate at best, we speculate that this lineage could potentially be associated with the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture of Central Europe, as its highest frequency (3.45.1%) and Td estimate (Supplementary Table S4) of 108703029 years ago occur there. In contrast to G1, the absolute majority of hg G samples belonged to G2-P287-related sub-clades, with the vast majority of them being associated with G2a-P15-related lineages. In Wales, a distinctive G2a3b1 type (DYS388=13 and DYS594=11) dominates there and pushes the G percentage of the population higher than in England. Phylogenetic relationships of studied binary markers within haplogroup G in wider context of M89-defined clade. The members of G-PF3359 are probably smaller in number than men included in G-P303, but only a small amount of testing has occurred for the relevant mutations. Haplogroup H dominates present-day Western European mitochondrial DNA variability (>40%), yet was less common (~19%) among Early Neolithic farmers (~5450 BC) and virtually absent in Mesolithic . AAL thanks the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation. G-PF3147 (previously G-L223 and G-PF3146) is characterized by having the L223 mutation. Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians. First, here is the only region with co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity of haplogroup G. The hg G-U1 subclade is characterized by several sub-clusters of haplotypes, including a more diverse cluster mostly represented by Caucasus populations. Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 10231034. White PS, Tatum OL, Deaven LL, Longmire JL : New, male-specific microsatellite markers from the human Y chromosome. G2a3a-M406 has a modest presence in Thessaly and the Peloponnese (4%),10 areas of the initial Greek Neolithic settlements. The geographic origins of a Y chromosome haplogroup for males can be deciphered from the phylogenetic tree of mankind, or the Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree, maintained by the International Society of Genetic Genealogy ( ISOGG, 2016 ). L2b1a. The Sea Peoples, from cuneiform tablets to carbon dating. CAS The L141 mutation involves an insertion.[35]. In Russia, Ukraine and Central Asia, members of various ethnic minorities and/or residents in particular localities possess G-M201 at its highest levels in the world even though the average rate at the national level is about 1% or less. For this are several indications. The effective mutation rate at Y chromosome short tandem repeats, with application to human population-divergence time. [2], In 2012, a paper by Siiri Rootsi et al. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK. [29][30][31] 3% of North African Berbers were found to be haplogroup G.[32] 2% of Arab Moroccans and 0.8% of Berber Moroccans were likewise found to be G.[33]. The most recent study (2010) estimates the common ancestor of all men in haplogroup G lived in Asia about 17,000 years ago, and the ancestor of the G2 subgroup lived about 15,000 years ago. The Morans I coefficient was calculated using the PASSAGE software v.1.1 (Phoenix, AZ, USA) with binary weight matrix, nine distance classes and random distribution assumption. Pichler I, Fuchsberger C, Platzer C et al. The G-P303 phylogenetic network was constructed using 248 G2a3b-P303-derived 19-locus haplotypes from populations representing Europe, Middle/Near East, South/Central Asia and the Caucasus and belonging to five sub-clades P303*, U1, M527, M426 and L497. Specifications for most markers have been previously reported,1, 17, 28 ISOGG 2011 (http://www.isogg.org/tree/). The 12f2a mutation, which characterizes haplogroup J, was observed in 445 subjects. The most commonly occurring subclades are G1* (M285) and many subclades of G2 (G-P287), especially: G2a (P15), G2a1 (G-FGC7535, formerly G-L293), G2a2b2a (G-P303) formerly G2a3b1); G2a2b1 (G-M406) formerly G2a3a; G2a2b2a1 (G-L140) formerly G2a3b1a; G2a2b2a1a1b (G-L497) formerly G2a3b1a2; G2a2b2a1a1a1 (G-L13) formerly G2a3b1a1a; G2a2b2a1a1c1a (G-CTS5990 or G-Z1903) formerly G2a3b1a3; G2b (G-M3115) and; G2b1 (G-M377), formerly G2b. Because SNPs provide the most reliable method of categorization, each is allowed to represent an official G category. It is a child of haplogroup M12'G. It was likely born in the East Asia around 32,000 years ago. Mitochondrial DNA variation of modern Tuscans supports the near eastern origin of Etruscans. Nonetheless, coalescent times provide a valuable/informative relative metric for estimating the time of lineage formation. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Balanovsky O, Dibirova K, Dybo A et al. Looking still more closely at the distribution of P303 sub-clades, some distinct patterns emerge in the network (Figure 4). These latter labs also made use of raw data results reported by individuals tested for about 2,000 SNPs at 23andMe to provide new L or S-designated SNP tests. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_G-M201&oldid=1139571590, Articles with dead external links from January 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from April 2022, Articles with spreadsheet file bare URLs for citations, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with self-published sources from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2021, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, M201, PF2957, L116, L154, L204, L240, L269, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, L769, L770, L836, L837, M201, P257/U6, Page94/U17, U2, U3, U7, U12, U20, U21, U23, U33, Other males purported to be members of Haplogroup G include: German-American pioneer and soldier, This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 20:17. The identities of the specific 19 loci that define the STR haplotypes are reported in Supplementary Table S3 and Figure 4 legend. Encyclopedia of mtDNA Origins - Discover your maternal lineage. A high percentage of G-Z1903 men belong to its subclade, G-Z724. [5] Cinnioglu et al. Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. Eur J Hum Genet 2004; 12: 855863. Ann Hum Genet 2004; 68: 588599. The coalescent times (Td) of various haplogroups were estimated using the ASDo methodology described by Zhivotovsky et al,32 modified according to Sengupta et al.13 We used the evolutionary effective mutation rate of 6.9 104 per 25 years, as pedigree rates are arguably only pertinent to shallow rooted familial pedigrees,33 as they do not consider the evolutionary consequences of population dynamics including the rapid extinction of newly appearing microsatellite alleles. Although compared with G1-M285, the phylogenetic level of P303 (Figure 1) is shallower but its geographic spread zone covers the whole hg G distribution area (Figure 2b). Article Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. Using Y-STR data, the Td expansion time for all combined P15-affiliated chromosomes was estimated to be 150822217 years ago. It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89), and is theorized to have originated, according to the latest thinking, in the Near East or Southern Asia, likely in the region that is now northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. The hg G2a3b1c-L497 sub-cluster, on the other hand, has so far been found essentially in European populations and therefore is probably autochthonous to Europe. G2a2b1 is more common in southern Europe than northern Europe. Nat Commun 2012; 3. de Knijff P, Kayser M, Caglia A et al. The South Ossetians and Svans generally south of North Ossetia have significant number of G2a1 persons, but population percentages have not yet been provided. Haplogroup F is the parent of haplogroups from G to R; however excluding these common haplogroups, the minor clades F*, F1, and F2, seem to appear in the Indian continent [68]. Chromosome Y microsatellites: population genetic and evolutionary aspects. G-M377, now also known as G2b1, has previously been designated G2b and G2c. Hum Genet 2004; 114: 127148. G-L91 would seem to encompass a significant proportion of men belonging to G. L91 is found so far in scattered parts of Europe and North Africa and in Armenia. Elizabeth T Wood, Daryn A Stover, Christopher Ehret, L177, later discarded in favour of PF3359 and equivalent SNPs, was first identified at. RV and DMB thank the European Commission, Directorate-General for Research for FP7 Ecogene grant 205419. Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Cinnioglu C et al. While neither knowledge of paleo-climate, archeology or genetic evidence from a single locus using modern populations provides an unimpeachable microcosm of pre-historical expansions, considering them together cautiously provides a contextual framework for discussion. We emphasize that our assessments are based solely on contemporary DNA distributions rather than actual prehistoric patterns. Ann Hum Genet 2005; 69: 443454. These two reported Pakistani G-M377 haplotypes are quite divergent from the Ashkenazi Jewish clade, and therefore do not at all indicate a recent common origin. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, European Journal of Human Genetics (2021), European Journal of Human Genetics (2020), European Journal of Human Genetics (Eur J Hum Genet) The phylogenetic relationships of the various sub-haplogroups investigated are shown in Figure 1. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Haplogroup G2a2b is a rare group today in Europe. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all G2 subclades represent a small number of haplogroup G men. Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events. Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 44: 228239. [16] The concentration of G falls below this average in Scandinavia, the westernmost former Soviet republics and Poland, as well as in Iceland and the British Isles. While it is found in percentages higher than 10% among the Bakhtiari, Talysh people, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Iranian Azeris, it is closer to 5% among the Iranian Arabs and in some large cities. G is found mostly in the north central Middle East and the Caucasus, with smaller numbers around the Mediterranean and eastward. New insights into the Tyrolean Icemans origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. So far the men positive for this have had Irish, English, Dutch, Lebanese and/or Turkish (Armenian surname) ancestry. ), Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. Haak W, Balanovsky O, Sanchez JJ et al. To accommodate for variability in sample sizes and hg G content, haplogroup diversity was calculated using the method of Nei37 only in the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. The corresponding coalescent estimate for M377 is 5600 years ago (Supplementary Table S4). Genomics 1999; 57: 433437. P15 was identified at the University of Arizona and became widely known by 2002. The expansion time of G-M406 in Anatolia is 12800 years ago, which corresponds to climatic improvement at the beginning of the Holocene and the commencement of sedentary hunter-forager settlements at locations, such as Gobekli Tepi in Southeast Anatolia, thought to be critical for the domestication of crops (wheat and barley) that propelled the development of the Neolithic. Age: About 7,800 years ago Origin: Eurasia Y-Haplotree. Concerning the presence of hg G in the Caucasus, one of its distinguishing features is lower haplogroup diversity in numerous populations (Supplementary Table S1) compared with Anatolia and Armenia, implying that hg G is intrusive in the Caucasus rather than autochthonous. The reliability of both P16 and P18 in identifying everyone in each of these categories has been questioned and individual components of the SNP have to be examined. The coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-chromosome models of archaic Greek colonization of the western Mediterranean. The haplogroup G mutation developed about 21,000 to 14,000 years ago. Two additional markers, DYS38829, 30 and DYS46131 were typed separately. A relatively high percentage of G2a2b1 persons have a value of 21 at STR marker DYS390. [43] L240 was identified in 2009. There are additional subclades of DYS388=13 men characterized by the presence of specific SNPs or uncommon STR marker oddities. Its chromosome location listed as 21653414. Finally, to the east, G2a3a-M406 has an expansion time of 8800 years ago in Iran, a time horizon that corresponds to the first Neolithic settlements of the Zagros Mountains of Iran. The general frequency pattern of hg G overall (Figure 2a) shows that the spread of hg G extends over an area from southern Europe to the Near/Middle East and the Caucasus, but then decreases rapidly toward southern and Central Asia. Basically, haplogroups refer to organisms that have a common ancestor, identified by studying the nucleotide and mitochondrial mutations in cells. These five major sub-clades of the G2 branch show distinct distribution patterns over the whole area of their spread. Balanovsky O, Rootsi S, Pshenichnov A et al. The presence of hg G was first reported in Europe and Georgia5 and later described in additional populations of the Caucasus.6 Subsequently, several data sets containing hg G-related lineages have been presented in studies of different European populations7, 8, 9, 10 and so on, as well as studies involving several Middle Eastern and South Asian populations.4, 11, 12, 13, Hg G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture,5 especially in the European context. Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D et al. Categories have alternating letters and numbers. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72: 313332. Specifically, we intersected these criteria by applying the following filters. [15] Among the samples in the YHRD database from the southern Caucasus countries, 29% of the samples from Abazinia, 31% from Georgia, 2% from Azerbaijan and 18% from Armenia appear to be G samples. Haplogroup definition, a set of similar haplotypes inherited together, or a group who shares a set of similar haplotypes, used to understand genetic lineages. Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Acores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. These Neolithic European were descendants of Neolithic farmers from Anatolia, among some of the earliest peoples in the world to practice agriculture. The 96 populations were collapsed into 50 regionally defined populations by excluding populations where the total G count was less than n=5. [8][9], Furthermore, the majority of all the male skeletons from the European Neolithic period have so far yielded Y-DNA belonging to this haplogroup. G-P16 has a high frequency in South and NW Caucasus, with the highest frequency among North Ossetians63.6%. Dulik MC, Osipova LP, Schurr TG : Y-chromosome variation in Altaian Kazakhs reveals a common paternal gene pool for Kazakhs and the influence of Mongolian expansions. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. In 2009-10, Family Tree DNA's Walk through the Y Project, sequencing certain Y-chromosome segments, provided a number of new G SNPs with the L designation. Chiaroni J, King RJ, Myres NM et al. Hg G is very frequent in NW Caucasus and South Caucasus, covering about 45% of the paternal lineages in both regions2 in this study. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. Network of 248 samples P303 derived from Supplementary Table S3. The phylogeny obtained for haplogroup Q-M378 comprising 5.2% of the Ashkenazi paternal variation 24, shows a similar pattern to that observed for haplogroup G-M377 (Supplemental Figure S5). In the ten remaining populations, haplogroup diversity spanned from a low of 0.21 in Adyghes, to highs of 0.88 in Azeris (Iran) and 0.89 in eastern Anatolia and 0.90 in Armenia. Slider with three articles shown per slide. It is not found among Native Americans except where intermarriage with non-native persons has occurred. Haplogroup G men who belong to this group, but are negative for all G2a subclades, are uncommon in Europe but may represent a sizeable group in so far poorly tested areas east of Turkey. Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language. Such temporal estimates must be viewed with caution owing to differences in individual STR locus mutation rates, sensitivity to rare outlier STR alleles and complexities related to multiple potential founders during a demographic event. RV thanks the European Union Regional Development Fund for support through the Centre of Excellence in Genomics, the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research for the Basic Research grant SF 0270177As08. Thus, G2a3a-M406, along with other lineages, such as J2a3b1-M92 and J2a4h2-DYS445=616, may track the expansion of the Neolithic from Central/Mediterranean Anatolia to Greece/Italy and Iran. Google Scholar. G2a was found in medieval remains in a 7th- century CE high-status tomb in Ergolding, Bavaria, Germany, but G2a subclades were not tested.[34]. Members of this group have been found in Europe and the Middle East.[3]. Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe. Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities.
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