# - cast bracing: The coccyx provides an important attachment for tendons, ligaments and muscles. Urinary retention: the most common symptom. The symptoms of tailbone pain are typically exacerbated by actions that exert pressure or directly contact the coccyx. Read it on, The severity of Parkinson's Disease symptoms changes faster than researchers thought, so clinical trials should be designed differently. A direct blow to the tailbone, such as those that occur during contact sports, can injure the coccyx. Using at-home remedies and changing behaviors such as sitting too long make the biggest differences. Understanding the normal ossification pattern of the elbow and proximal radius is essential for correct diagnosis. You can purchase a "doughnut" cushion or pillow to sit on. Fujisaki A, Shigeta M, Shimoinaba M, Yoshimura Y. Physical examination reveals diminished perianal sensation. I am another one of those who suffers coccyx pain, from Israel. Coccyx pain is still part of my life but hopefully I can live with it. Even though we don't have tails, humans have a tailbone (coccyx) for a couple of reasons. It is made up of 3 to 5 smaller bones and has 2 to 3 parts joined together. Your doctor can diagnose an incarcerated uterus with a pelvic exam, an ultrasound, or an MRI scan. 25% are associated with neurologic injury, 75% in patients who are neurologically intact, 50% in patients who have a neurologic deficit, contains 4 foramina which transmit sacral nerves, S1-S4 nerve roots are transmitted through the sacral foramina, S1 and S2 nerve roots carry higher rate of injury, anal sphincter tone / voluntary contracture, unilateral preservation of nerves is adequate for bowel and bladder control, transmission of load distributed by first sacral segment through iliac wings to the acetabulum, stable fractures have higher risk of nonunion and poor functional outcome, cture medial to foramina into the spinal canal, high incidence of neurologic complications, motor vehicle accident or fall from height most common, insufficiency fracture in osteoporotic adults, soft tissue trauma around pelvis should raise concerns for pelvic or sacral fracture, test pelvic ring stability by internally and externally rotating iliac wings, palpate for subcutaneous fluid mass indicative of lumbosacral fascial degloving, perform vaginal exam in women to rule-out open injury, light touch and pinprick sensation along S2-S5 dermatomes, if different consider ankle-brachial index or angiogram, effective screening tool for sacral fractures, best assessment of sacral spinal canal and superior view of S1, results from displacement with overriding of transverse fracture fragments, indicates disruption of anterior sacral foramina and lumbrosacral facets, recommend coronal and sagittal reconstruction views, <1 cm displacement and no neurologic deficit, persistent pain after non-operative management, displacement of fracture after non-operative management, screws may be placed as sacroiliac, trans-sacral or trans-iliac trans-sacral, screws placed percutaneously under fluoroscopy, screw placement posterior to the ICD ensures safe screw placement, may result in loss of fixation or malreduction, does not allow for removal of loose bone fragments, allows for direct visualization of fracture, posterior approach to lower lumbar spine and sacrum, iliac screws parallel to the inclination angle of outer table of ilium, posterior approach followed by laminectomy or foraminotomy, more common with vertically displaced fractures, most important factor in predicting outcome, Displacement confers an increased risk of neurologic dysfunction, Proximal Humerus Fracture Nonunion and Malunion, Distal Radial Ulnar Joint (DRUJ) Injuries. It, Lower abdominal pain during sex is usually an issue of position, but it could also signal an underlying medical issue. Are there other health issues caused by a tilted uterus? The coccyx is commonly referred to as the tailbone (Figure 1). The coccyx is an inverted triangle with the base (wide part) at the top and the apex (pointy end) at the bottom. Common symptoms reported by people with angulation of the coccyx Common symptoms How bad it is What people are taking for it Pain Capsaicin topical Stress Nothing reported yet Fatigue Multivitamins Anxious mood And what kind of treatment is recommended. (2014). Rarely, if the cause of discomfort is unknown, a local anesthetic may be injected into the tailbone area to determine whether the origin of the pain is from the coccyx or another part of the vertebral column. This cushion has a hole in the middle to prevent the tailbone from contacting the flat surface. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. for a medical treatment with chiropractor expert Dr. Durtnall. I flew to London twice. Bellabarba C. Eds: Vialle L. Sacral Trauma, A1: General considerations. I joined also a rehabilitation yoga class. If the exercises dont correct it, a doctor can often turn the uterus manually to release it. When associated with a simple wedge fraction, also a flexion injury, anterior subluxation may be the more significant lesion. Anterior subluxation (hyperflexion sprain) is localized, purely ligamentous disruption of the cervical spine caused by a limited flexion force. During the examination, the doctor will inspect and palpate the area to identify pain/tenderness and any abnormal masses or abscesses. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in the painful adult coccyx. Yochum and Rowe's Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. The majority of coccyx injuries occur in women, because the female pelvis is broader and the coccyx is more exposed. Its also possible to see a retroverted uterus using an ultrasound or MRI scan. Tarek N. Hanna, Mahniya Sadiq, Noah Ditkofsky, Marc Benayoun, Abhijit Datir, Saurabh Rohatgi, Faisal Khosa. Treatments are available to correct the angle of your uterus. pressure in the lower back or near the rectum. A doctor may prescribe: Having a cervix or uterus that tilts back toward your spine is a normal variation of the uterine position in the pelvis. It is worth noting that anterior angulation of the coccyx may occur because of a sharp angulation in the S5 vertebral body rather than at the sacrococcygeal joint, which is found in 16% of people with type III morphology ( Fig 4 ). Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer. Buckle (or torus) fractures are most commonly seen in the distal radial metaphysis and are a result of compressive forces from an axial load on softer bones in children. The pain did not go for a minute 24/7 pain degree 6-7 that can be raised to 8-9, than there is no option but taking Targin-morphine, the only pain killer that had a positive effect, 1 pill every 4-5 days to change the nervous alerting system. The coccyx is the most distal portion of the spine in primates that don't have tails, including humans. Additionally, it provides positional support for the anus and assists in giving us control of the bowels. Because of the number of pelvic floor muscles attached to the coccyx, certain bodily functions, including sex or defecation, can lead to pelvic pain after trauma to the coccyx. Treatment may be nonoperative or operative depending on fracture displacement, associated pelvic ring instability and patient activity demands. https://www.linkedin.com/company/patientslikeme, https://www.instagram.com/patientslikemeinc/, neck pain-getting radiofrequency ablation soon, Hello! Got a question about living with angulation of the coccyx? Next, the muscles inserted into the coccyx have to be detached. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Unable to process the form. Is it a fracture. The shape and curvature of the coccyx can vary between individuals and is noticeably different between sexes. Appointments & Access Contact Us Symptoms and Causes Diagnosis and Tests Thank you. 7.1. Unable to process the form. but still nothing changed, the pain became more and more difficult to handle. A few people suffer from chronic discomfort despite proper medical treatment. The movement of muscles can lead to movement of the coccyx itself, causing pain. Diagnosis can made with pelvis radiographs but frequently require pelvic CT scan for full characterization. Sleep on a firm mattress. Some articulation is possible between coccygeal vertebrae until they are fused, but they do not move very much. It may be post-traumatic, nontraumatic, or idiopathic in origin and is more common in women. meanwhile, Sayer clinic, thank you all for new way of life. The coccyx is located at the very bottom of the sacrum, and makes up about one-fourth the size of the sacrum. At the time the article was last revised Sally Ayesa had no recorded disclosures. Use a donut-shaped cushion to decrease pain and support your coccyx when you sit. The treatment goals are to restore functional ability, prevent neurological deficits, and achieve fracture union, thus avoiding long-term disability. A new study finds there is a connection between womens reproductive history and heart health. It is composed of three to five bony segments held in place by joints and ligaments. Also known as coccydynia or coccygeal neuralgia. (2013). Feinberg Home > Orthopedic Teaching > This treatment may include manipulation, therapy, cushion for sitting (doughnut, balloon, etc.) If you think of the uterus as pear-shaped, the cervix is the narrow end of the pear. Coccydynia can usually be treated conservatively. You are also agreeing to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. How Reproductive Factors Can Affect a Woman's Heart Health. The importance of restoration of the anatomical orientation of the ulnar after a proximal fracture is unclear. When not pregnant, the uterus is around 4 centimeters long, although the exact length varies from person to person and throughout pregnancy. For any urgent enquiries please contact our customer services team who are ready to help with any problems. The coccyx bears more weight when the person is sitting and leaning backwards compared to when leaning forward. doi:10.1589/jpts.30.544, G R, R G, P S, G M, Lu D. Sacrococcygeal Teratoma: Mistreated With Repeated Aspirations. Eur Spine J. (SBQ18SP.25) The 2 treatments that may be recommended first are: physiotherapy - the muscles around the coccyx can be manipulated to help ease the pain 1. putting cold ice on the coccyx area and underneath for 15 minutes, 5 times a day. 1. putting cold ice on the coccyx area and underneath for 15 minutes, 5 times a day. These tears occur on the front of the hip joint. Objective: The skeletal structure has a significant role in the estimation of human gender. Significant angulation or displacement may require closed reduction, often intra-anal manipulation. Why Do I Have Lower Abdominal Pain During Sex? Do not apply ice directly to the skin. All Rights Reserved. The original cause of the problem (whether from a fall or other trauma, tumor, or infection), If traumatic, the severity of the injury (a bruise, fracture, or dislocation), Your ability to comply with medical treatment, Your natural ability to recuperate and heal. As the lowest point of the vertebral column and sitting at the bottom of the pelvic girdle, the coccyx acts as one insertion point for the muscles of the pelvic floor, a group of three muscles called levator ani at the apex, the coccygeus muscle across the anterior (front) surface, and the gluteus maximus across the posterior (back) surface. If a conservative approach is not working, your healthcare provider might suggest surgical removal of the coccyx, known as coccygectomy. One of the most difficult things about painful sex is the sense of isolation many women feel if they cant discuss it with someone they trust. In cases of coccydynia, contraction of the pelvic floor muscles can be very painful in the area of the coccyx that is damaged or inflamed. By clicking Subscribe, I agree to the WebMD, Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Bird Flu Deaths Prompt U.S. to Test Vaccine in Poultry, COVID Treatment in Development Appears Promising, Marriage May Help Keep Your Blood Sugar in Check, Getting Outdoors Might Help You Take Fewer Meds, New Book: Take Control of Your Heart Disease Risk, MINOCA: The Heart Attack You Didnt See Coming, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox, Exercise After a Broken Bone From Osteoporosis. Information on PatientsLikeMe.com is reported by our members and is not medical advice. Intensity of menstrual pain and estimated angle of uterine flexion. fractures involving a single facial buttress, Meyers and McKeevers classification (anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture), Watson-Jones classification (tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture), Nunley-Vertullo classification (Lisfranc injury), pelvis and lower limb fractures by region. I became a different person, less patient, tends to be angry, zero motivation, the more the pain the less active. This was a very intensive week, a lot of information, exercises, what to do and from what should I avoid, how to keep a positive thinking inside this hell. Appointments 216.444.2606. Coccydynia refers to pain and tenderness originating from the coccyx. In symptomatic children, division of ring and release of airway structures may be sufficient. The term tilted cervix isnt commonly used in medicine. Dislocation of the coccyx occurs when there is a separation of the coccyx from the sacrum. When you share what its like to have angulation of the coccyx through your profile, those stories and data appear here too. Most doctors are not very familiar with the coccyx or its problems. Which of the following nerve roots has likely been injured by the acute trauma? Most of the time, uterine incarceration can be treated successfully. For about 1.5 year that there is no time in day without a pain. Self practicing 1 legs exercises every day 2. lots of walking, 3. For more videos, visit my YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0CRM6r_Imo, https://www.youtube.com/user/nabilebraheim. Certain health conditions can also lead to the formation of scar tissue that pulls on the uterus, changing its orientation. Although, I'm one of the patients that reported with a stubborn coccyx with zero percent of tail movement, still Dr Durtnall made a quite big change by intensive mobilization series that helped for 40 percent of coccyx flexibility. Dyspareunia pain during or after sex is common. Asian Spine J. Dr. Ebraheim has over 1.5 million views on YouTube per month! Heres what you need to know and when you should contact your doctor. This option is typically only recommended when all other treatments fail. {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us"}, Knipe H, Ibrahim D, Bell D, et al. For some women, a tipped uterus can cause more painful periods, discomfort during sex, and difficulty inserting tampons. In addition to home care, a doctor may be able to provide further relief of pain with other medical and, rarely, surgical interventions. Cover it with a towel and place it on your coccyx for 15 to 20 minutes every hour or as directed. Tailbone retail stromectol pharmacy canadian discount discount Since what d speculum t through s tetracyclines cheapest buy stromectol . A retroverted uterus is a uterus that curves in a backwards position at the cervix instead of a forward position. No sofa or chair without cushion. He endorses significant low back pain and an inability to ambulate. Sacrococcygeal teratomas are the most common type of neonatal tumor and develop on the sacrum or coccyx. (2016) American Journal of Roentgenology. She is otherwise neurologically intact. [4] Conservative management includes pressure-relieving cushions, local corticosteroid injections, and/or coccygeal manipulation. CES is accompanied by a range of symptoms, the severity of which depend on the degree of compression and the precise nerve roots that are being compressed. Partial or total coccygectomy usually provides relief in these cases. Most tailbone injuries are caused by trauma to the coccyx area. The protrusive position of the nasal bone, the nasal cartilage, the malar bones, the mandible, the maxilla and maxillary teeth, seem to provide the anterior nasal spine with a significant de-gree of protection in the vast majority of traumatic in-juries. Coccygeal fracture. (c) 2005-2023 PatientsLikeMe. What Happens if This Common Abortion Pill Gets Banned? 3. The reason is still unknown. The coccyx is located at the distal tip of the sacrum and is the most distal portion of the spinal column. Curving of the coccyx causes an increase in dural tension. This short. We reviewed the follow-up of 60 patients who had undergone open . 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Causes of Tailbone Pain and Treatment Options, Tail Bone Pain (Coccygodynia) Symptoms and Treatment, Multifidus Muscle: Its Function and Link to Back Pain, Overview of the Lumbosacral Joint (L5-S1), Spinal Anatomy Including Transverse Process and Lamina, Lower Right Back Pain: Causes and Treatment. The angulation of the coccyx is characterized as being more angled or forward. Treatment may be nonoperative or operative depending on fracture displacement, associated pelvic ring instability and patient activity demands. Pain during bowel movements and pain during sex are also common. The below image can be described as 45-55 of posterior angulation (as the distal fragment is posterior compared to the proximal fragment, this is in reference to the dorsal side of the fracture) OR by utilizing the apex of the fracture (volar side), there is 45-55 of apex anterior angulation, as the apex of the fracture points anterior however as the angle is always in reference to the long-axis, it remains stable. Log in or subscribe to access all of BMJ Best Practice, symptoms 2 months and failed acute management. Tilted uterus: Can it lead to infertility? Surgery is generally reserved for open injuries requiring soft tissue debridement, or chronic symptomatic injuries. The condition can also damage your kidneys or bladder. It may be necessary for the doctor to decide if the injury is traumatic or if the pain is caused by other, more serious, problems. Three weeks after each treatment, I started to feel that there is a good reason to live, pain is eventually decreased. (2020). The initial treatment for such fractures is predominantly conservative therapy with external stabilization, which has shown a high fusion rate and is extensively recommended by spine surgeons. Influence of adequate pelvic floor muscle contraction on the movement of the coccyx during pelvic floor muscle training. Please help me to get cure from this. Currently, the opposite occur, the pelvis muscles hurts so much, also the anus and its sides, Puborectalis muscles shortened. As a rule, coccygeal fracture/dislocations are treated with non-operative management (e.g. Which of the following provides the most stable fixation construct? Avoid extra messing with a painful muscles to avoid the opposite - pelvic muscles contractions as a result. Hi, need ur help to understand this, 1. When sitting, the coccyx shifts forward and acts as a shock absorber (Figure 3). The further along you go on the coccyx, the more common it is for the segments to be fused together. 2013;22 Suppl 6(Suppl 6):S939S944. The patient's bladder fills with urine . The remaining the notochord eventually becomes the vertebral body, and three terminal somite pairs form the coccyx and persist after the dorsal sclerotome that envelops the neural tube eventu-regression of the terminal embryonic tail. This gave me the hope that I'm on a place that knows what to do. DOI: Sorensen J, et al. For many women, having a tilted or retroverted uterus doesnt cause any symptoms at all. Introduction. Reducing the time you spend sitting without movement can also help. cushioning and analgesia). Rod Brouhard is an emergency medical technician paramedic (EMT-P), journalist, educator, and advocate for emergency medical service providers and patients. Use a thumper massager on muscles around coccyx for no more than 10 minutes a day. At the time the article was last revised Dalia Ibrahim had no recorded disclosures. For traumatic injuries, apply ice to the tailbone area for 15-20 minutes, four times a day, for the first few days after the injury. The diagnosis was Coccydynia - anterior angulation of the coccyx with a severity 4/4. As the uterus grows, the adhesions keep it from expanding upward, trapping it in the lower part of the pelvis. The incarcerated uterus: A review of MRI and ultrasound imaging appearances. Stomach pain, in particular, often. Coccyx, Tailbone pain /coccydynia - Everything You Need To Know - Dr. Kunal Shah - Ashutosh Hospital Dr. Kunal's educational video describing anatomy of the Disabling pain in the coccyx, usually provoked by sitting or rising from sitting. The last three or four segments are usually fused together and are frequently angulated forward at various angles. You can rate this topic again in 12 months. 2023 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved. (OBQ11.2) ", University of Buffalo Sports Medicine: "What is a Tailbone Injury? - Muscular steroid injection \ radio frequency along 3 years. In fact, its so common that its considered a normal variation. Although they may be slow to heal, the majority of coccyx injuries can be managed with cautious treatment. Several pelvic floor muscles are attached to the coccyx, but every muscle has multiple redundant attachment points. Lithium carbonate wasn't helping ALS patients, and we learned it faster than the clinical trials did. Pollute war your buy zithromax online A anterior teeth for . Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. (Figure 8), injections, ultrasound, anti-inflammatory medications and surgery (as a last resort). As mentioned above, the coccyx is usually comprised of four coccygeal vertebrae. For more videos about the coccyx:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0CRM6r_ImoFor more videos, visit my YouTube channel:https://www.youtube.com/user/nabilebraheim. Published types of coccyx injuries:Types of coccyx injuries include anterior dislocation, posterior dislocation, anterior angulation, hooked coccyx (Figure 6). Now, doctors think a tilted uterus wont keep you from getting pregnant. 2011;145(3):426-437. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21518, Woon JT, Perumal V, Maigne JY, Stringer MD. Am J Phys Anthropol. [10] Read about it on the, Interacting with other PatientsLikeMe members improves your health. The anatomical reference point is the long-axis. Most of those redundant attachment points are considerably stronger and more stable than the coccygeal vertebrae. - Driving with 2 cushion at 90 degree, the cushion made of hard foam and in rounded shape. You might also try a menstrual disc, which you place at the back of your vagina so it covers the cervix. How can we measure that improvement faster and more effectively, and accelerate clinical trials? The more you rest, the quicker the injury can heal. I thought that after finding the reason, I will get the right treatment but I was totally wrong, I left with awful pain because of the lack of medical knowledge about coccyx pain. Injections of local anesthetics into the tailbone are sometimes required for continuing pain. The term comminuted fracture refers to a bone that is broken in at least two places. Ameer MA, et al. Together the spine and thorax house and protect many of the major organs critical for survival. The coccyx can be injured or fractured during. Anterior hip labral tears: The most common type of hip labral tear. The most common predictor of a poor outcome or failure to relieve pain in all coccydynia patients is whether or not the surgical removal was complete or partial. By convention, what direction is the below dislocation? He reports lumbar back pain and numbness in his perineum region. A whole lot, as co-founder Jamie Heywood explains in this video. Read about it on. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. The cause of a coccyx injury is largely determined based on a medical history and a physical exam.. What Causes an Enlarged Uterus and How Is It Treated? Even before the fusion of the coccyx is complete, all but the first coccygeal vertebrae are little more than underdeveloped vertebrae that look a bit like nodules of bone rather than independent structures. Abuse. Certain antidepressants or anti-epileptic medications might relieve tailbone pain as well. Some people are born with a tilted uterus. Coccyx has nothing beneath it. The anatomical reference point is the long-axis. Rod Brouhard is an emergency medical technician paramedic (EMT-P), journalist, educator, and advocate for emergency medical service providers and patients. The symptoms of uterine incarceration usually include: If youre experiencing these symptoms, its important to talk to a doctor. Here are 5 symptoms that will confirm whether you have coccydynia. Advanced search. evaluated in relation to the sacral and the coccygeal In some of the cases, insertion of the needle into the vertebra as S4, S5 and coccyx 1. sacral canal may be impossible [26, 27]. the anterior border of the sacrum in the sagittal plane. I know that it will take time but now I had the knowledge, tools and exercises to rehabilitate the pelvis. Avoid sitting down for long periods of time. painful sex (dyspareunia) bladder . Imaging of the coccyx is always difficult and the x-rays, that are obtained, will be unclear. H. F. Johnson has pointed out that variations in contour, length, and alignment are common. Treatment Tailbone pain is felt at the base of your spine. 2000-2022 The StayWell Company, LLC. SE is the author of a study referenced in this topic. These injuries may result in a bruise, dislocation, or fracture (break) of the coccyx. I will keep sending updates. The treatments also include pelvis physio with Carolina and Magda therapists. The pain is usually relieved by removing pressure off the coccyx, such as occurs when standing or walking. This post was published on the now-closed HuffPost Contributor platform. I can report that after 2 days of treatment the pain vanished. In discussing the patient's prognosis, you inform him that the following factor best predicts neurologic dysfunction with his injury pattern: (SBQ18SP.3) (2016). Postacchini F, Massobrio M. Idiopathic coccygodynia. Coccyx shows acute anterior angulation 2. Tailbone pain can vary from person to person. Anterior angulation of the coccyx may be a normal variant but poses a diagnostic challenge for those considering coccygeal trauma. I started to suffer from coccyx and anus pain since 2018. A 35 year-old female presents after prolonged extrication from a motor vehicle collision complaining of severe pelvic pain. Anterior dislocation. Coccyx pain can also result from a tumor (chordoma), this needs to be ruled out. Other healthcare providers might want to continue to try other options for as long as a year. The base of the coccyx articulates with the apex of the sacrum. Diagnosis can made with pelvis radiographs but frequently require pelvic CT scan for full characterization. Thin linear hyperintense signal noted posterior to the coccygeal angulation - may represent focal bursitis. The knowledge and experience of Dr Durtnall regarding coccyx pain was undoubtedly be seen. ADVERTISEMENT: Radiopaedia is free thanks to our supporters and advertisers. I enjoy playing with my kids for the entire day, whereas I could not be active more than 1 hour beforehand. The coccyx is a triangular bone that forms the final part of the vertebral column and accounts for a mere 0.4% of the weight of the vertebral column (Lowrance & Latimer 1967). X-Ray changes may be subtle with mild cortical bulging on the AP view and angulation on the lateral view may be evident. It is up to you to decide if a 75% success rate is sufficient to undergo surgery. During a procedure known as a coccygectomy, the coccyx is surgically removed. 2012;21(10):20972104. At the time the article was created Henry Knipe had no recorded disclosures. This button displays the currently selected search type. (2017). For this exam, the doctor inserts a finger into your rectum to feel the area of the coccyx and determine if there is a dislocation or a fracture that can be felt and if direct pressure against the coccyx reproduces your pain. [4] Inferiorly, the tendon of the iliococcygeus muscle inserts onto the tip of the coccyx. ??accessibility.screen-reader.external-link_en_US?? relief of symptoms after corticosteroid injection. The cervix is the part of the uterus that attaches to the vagina. see full revision history and disclosures, posterior left subphrenic (perisplenic) space, portal-systemic venous collateral pathways, nerve to quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus muscles, nerve to internal obturator and superior gemellus muscles. Lirette LS, Chaiban G, Tolba R, Eissa H. Coccydynia: an overview of the anatomy, etiology, and treatment of coccyx pain. 1983;65 (8): 1116-24. Surgery (coccygectomy) is highly effective in recalcitrant post-traumatic coccygodynia. doi:10.1007/s00586-013-3010-3. Ogur HU, Seyfettinolu F, Tuhaniolu , Cicek H, Zohre S. An evaluation of two different methods of coccygectomy in patients with traumatic coccydynia. doi:10.1007/s00586-012-2202-6, Ramieri A, Domenicucci M, Cellocco P, Miscusi M, Costanzo G. Acute traumatic instability of the coccyx: results in 28 consecutive coccygectomies.
