[92] In the summer of 88, he reorganised the administration of the area before unsuccessfully besieging Rhodes. The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. Primary sources are first-hand accounts of events. After one of the other legates was killed by his men, Sulla refused to discipline them except by issuing a proclamation imploring them to show more courage against the enemy. J. On each line there is a link to the page where the name can be found. Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office, and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office. [65] This had been preceded by the lex Julia, passed by Lucius Julius Caesar in October 90BC, which had granted citizenship to those allies who remained loyal. Revised on November 11, 2022. Updated on October 07, 2019. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". He was devoted to pleasure but more devoted to glory. vinifera, hereafter V. vinifera) shares a close relationship with humans ().With unmatched cultivar diversity, this food source (table and raisin grapes) and winemaking ingredient (wine grapes) became an emblem of cultural identity in major Eurasian civilizations (1-3), leading to intensive research in ampelography, archaeobotany, and historical . Primary sources are documents, images, relics, or other works that provide firsthand details of a historical or scientific event. [100] In need of resources, Sulla sacked the temples of Epidaurus, Delphi, and Olympia; after a battle with the Pontic general Archelaus outside Piraeus, Sulla's forces forced the Pontic garrison to withdraw by sea. Marius arranged for Sulla to lift the iustitium and allow Sulpicius to bring proposals; Sulla, in a "desperately weak position [received] little in return[,] perhaps no more than a promise that Sulla's life would be safe". The Romans neutralised a Pontic charge of scythed chariots before pushing the Pontic phalanx back across the plain. When Scipio refused, Sulla let him go. After the battle, Marius withdrew to Praeneste and was there besieged. Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust) was born Amiternum in the country of the Sabines in 86 BC. A gifted and innovative general, he achieved numerous successes in wars against foreign and domestic opponents. 719-549-2333. [30] Sulla was popular with the men, charming and benign, he built up a healthy rapport while also winning popularity with other officers, including Marius. The young Gaius Julius Caesar, as Cinna's son-in-law, became one of Sulla's targets, and fled the city. But it was from 59, Nero's fifth year as emperor that things started to go seriously . [33] Winning Bocchus' friendship and making plain Rome's demands for Jugurtha's deliverance, Sulla successfully concluded negotiations and secured Bocchus' capture of Jugurtha and the king's rendition to Marius' camp. They are different from secondary sources, accounts that retell, analyze, or interpret events, usually at a distance of time or place." Library of Congress Teacher's Page. [41] After the failure of negotiations, the Romans and Cimbri engaged in the Battle of the Raudian Field in which the Cimbri were routed and destroyed. Websites. Throughout the research process, you'll likely use various types of sources. For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeaveney2006 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeager1994 (, Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic [61] Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with Stabiae and Aeclanum; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. [24] Keaveney 2005, pp. This may have been related to Sulla's campaign for the consulship. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. To make primary texts readily available for classroom use, they selected important . [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. Ariobarzanes had been driven out by Mithridates VI of Pontus, who wanted to install one of his own sons (Ariarathes) on the Cappadocian throne. Learning in Black and White. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. . The Senate moved the senatus consultum ultimum against him and was successful in levying large amount of men and materiel from the Italians. Historical documents : how to read them. He then reinforced this decision by legislation, retroactively justifying his illegal march on the city and stripping the twelve outlaws of their Roman citizenship. He was saved through the efforts of his relatives, many of whom were Sulla's supporters, but Sulla noted in his memoirs that he regretted sparing Caesar's life, because of the young man's notorious ambition. You can limit HOLLIS searches to your time period, but sources may be published later, such as a person's diary published posthumously. [60], The next year, 89BC, Sulla served as legate under the consul Lucius Porcius Cato. [90] By the end of 87BC, Cinna and Marius had besieged Rome and taken the city, killed consul Gnaeus Octavius, massacred their political enemies, and declared Sulla an outlaw; they then had themselves elected consuls for 86BC. In 46 BC Julius Caesar appointed him governor of the province of Africa. Understanding Context: Awareness of the interconnection of events from the past, present and future. "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. Church and W. J. Brodribb. 101 BC: Took part in the defeat of the Cimbri at the, 90-89 BC: Senior officer in the Social War, as, Holds the consulship for the first time, with, 87 BC: Commands Roman armies to fight King, 85 BC: Liberates the provinces of Macedonia, Asia, and Cilicia from Pontic occupation, 83 BC: Returns to Italy and undertakes civil war against the factional Marian government, 83-82 BC: Enters war with the followers of Gaius Marius the Younger and Cinna, 82 BC: Obtains victory at the battle of the Colline Gate, 80 BC: Holds the consulship for the second time. Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses. 1011 accepts these inheritances without much comment and places them around Sulla's turning thirty years of age. Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. [108] Adding to his challenges was Lucullus' fleet, reinforced by Rhodian allies. Hind 1992, p.150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". The allies in central and southern Italy had fought side by side with Rome in several wars and had grown restive under Roman autocratic rule, wanting instead Roman citizenship and the privileges it conferred. Sulla, hearing this, feigned an attack while instructing his men to fraternise with Scipio's army. Lucius other name: Sulla Details individual; military/naval; official; Roman; Male. This also removed the need for the censor to draw up a list of senators, since more than enough former magistrates were always available to fill the Senate. He was then assigned by lot to serve under the consul Gaius Marius. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the Battle of the Colline Gate on the afternoon of 1 November 82BC. Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. Examples of tertiary sources include encyclopedias and dictionaries, chronologies, almanacs, directories, indexes, and bibliographies. Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Sulla, undeterred, stood again for the praetorship the next year, promising he would pay for good shows; duly elected as praetor in 97BC, he was assigned by lot to the urban praetorship. Research Process and Acumen: Experience with primary sources can support future academic success. Primary Sources Sallust. Roman military leaders. The interest rates were also to be agreed between both parties at the time that the loan was made, and should stand for the whole term of the debt, without further increase. The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. Sulla was closely associated with Venus,[9] adopting the title Epaphroditos meaning favored of Aphrodite/Venus.[10]. Jugurtha had fled to his father-in-law, King Bocchus I of Mauretania (a nearby kingdom); Marius invaded Mauretania, and after a pitched battle in which both Sulla and Marius played important roles in securing victory, Bocchus felt forced by Roman arms to betray Jugurtha. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. [31] Ultimately, the Numidians were defeated in 106BC, due in large part to Sulla's initiative in capturing the Numidian king. Student Engagement: Primary source materials "help spark students . He could acknowledge the law as valid. [79], Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that they had been passed by force. Here are the names and relevant periods for some of the main ancient Latin and Greek sources for Roman history. Sulla immediately proscribed 80 persons without communicating with any magistrate. Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. Deciding whether a source is primary or secondary is sometimes confusing. National Library Services to Schools has developed a suite of primary source analysis tools specifically for Aotearoa New Zealand schools. And for his consular colleague, he attempted to transfer to him the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo's army. A book from 1877 England would be a primary source about Victorian history. For now, Cinna and the Marian political faction would have to wait, but revenge would prove far deadlier than anything that had come before it. [17] After his father's death, around the time Sulla reached adulthood, Sulla found himself impoverished. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. [11], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[12] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. [101], Sulla decamped his army from Attica toward central Greece. Book Sources: Bloody Sunday - Selma to Montgomery March (1965) A selection of books/e-books available in Trible Library. Primary sources are "first-hand" information, sources as close as possible to the origin of the information or idea under study. This "firsthand" understanding of human motivations and the ordinary Roman citizen may explain why he was able to succeed as a general despite lacking any significant military experience before his 30s.[25]. What Is a Primary Source? 82 BC. His rival, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, described Sulla as having the cunning of a fox and the courage of a lion but that it was his cunning that was by far the most dangerous. [88] Political violence in Rome continued even in Sulla's absence. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. [114], The general feeling in Italy, however, was decidedly anti-Sullan; many people feared Sulla's wrath and still held memories of his extremely unpopular occupation of Rome during his consulship. [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. In the sciences and social sciences, primary sources or 'primary research' are original research experiments, studies, or .
