The culture of the southern Kalinga thus became similar to cultures at the south of it like the Ifugao and Bontok. One rarely sees a Kalinga male using the baag for daily wear, if at all. When the baby is born, it is not yet safe from Ngilin until observances are followed strictly. Pottery Economics: A Kalinga Ethnoarchaeological Study. PhD dissertation, University of Arizona. 2014. The pattong salip is also performed during wedding feasts, with all the wedding guests collectively wishing the newlyweds happiness as a ring of men encloses the inner circle of women, who simply turn in their places (Orosa-Goquingco 1980). Rockefeller Foundation. 1983. Weaving Textiles. The ceremony is led by the mangdon si bodong (treaty holders). *We promote your products across our site, social-media, newsletters, and other promotions. Email info@barongwarehouse.com or call toll-free +1(800)585-4363. When a weaver creates a textile that is a work of art, she becomes an agent of change setting off trains of social phenomena. If the offended partys demands are not met, the peace treaty is jeopardized. It was the first time since the 1972 declaration of Martial Law where the mainstream Philippine press managed to report on the arrests of civilians under Martial Law,[15] and the turn of public opinion against both the Chico River Dam and Martial law, coupled with the united anger of the various peoples of the Cordillera Mountains led the Ferdinand Marcos administration to give up on the dam project. The northern Kalinga women saya, an ordinary woman's skirt covering the body from waist to feet. The children were betrothed as soon as they were born. There were calls to abolish the bodong when some Kalinga used it to blackmail or bully binodngan and non-binodngan. 2A: Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables) - Philippines", "Exploring Kalinga culture, tattoo artistry, tribal traditions", "Ethnic Groups of the Philippines: The Kalinga People", "The Chico River Basin Development Project: A Case Study of National Development Policy", "A silent war is being waged on Philippine indigenous communities", "Where the Chico River Rumbles | Travel Inspirations | Yahoo! A larger portion of the province is open grassland suitable for pasture, but the higher elevation in the west is forested by rich pine trees. 1981. What is the similarities of kalinga textile? The narrow northwestern coast of Luzon directly facing the West Philippine Sea is the native domain of the Ilocano. Kalinga vocal music is usually heard in social gatherings. As they do so, they play a lighthearted tune called the damilut on their saggaypo pipes. Photographs by Joseph R. Fortin and John K. Chua. Many of the Kalinga also identify themselves topographically with either Upper Kalinga, covering the more mountainous municipalities of Balbalan, Lubuagan, Pasil, Tanudan, and Tinglayan; or Lower Kalinga, composed of Pinukpuk, Rizal, and Tabuk. One womans presentation of her dekot might consist of lines improvised for the occasion, though chanted in the ullalim form, for example (Stallsmith 2007): The galigad, which is the reason for the festivities, is followed by the dancing of five young women, improvised to the accompaniment of the baladong (flute) and the kullitong, each played by a young man. Usually, the topless bodies of the Kalinga women are decorated by native beads called bongol. Wine (basi) is also made from sugarcane. The tambi ensemble is used in festive gatherings for entertainment. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Sharp-crested interlinking mountain peaks, steep slopes, isolated . There was often a connection between adornment of . Located in Eastern Kalinga are the Dakalan, Gaang, Lubo, Majukayong, Mangali, and Taloktok culture groups. Kalinga men and women have varying reasons for getting their tattoos. Sometimes, this wrapping has a different color to serve as decorative contrast. The Kalinga also pray to dead ancestors and relatives called kakkalading and anani, who protect them from the alan. Dress and Adornment in the Mountain Province of Luzon Philippine Islands. Catholic Anthropological Conference 1 (5): 181-244. Its development later on with the production of Sag-ut, native cotton balls planted on upland farms (kaingin), and naturally grown Isut trees, and herbs for dyes brought about the making of the first original traditional Kalinga . The kalasag (shield) is similar to those of the Bontok and the Tinguian: Three points project from the top and two points from the bottom of a sloping rectangular body. Also, during the revolutionary period, social and economic conditions further deteriorated. First held on 14 February 1996 to celebrate the founding anniversary of the province, it has become a grand yearly tourist attraction marked by street dancing, float parades, trade fairs, eco-trekking, white water rafting, and concerts. Under this principle, certain places where the Kalinga reside, such as the cities of Tabuk and Baguio, are considered as matagoan (peace zones). Dozier, Edward P. 1966. Wedding feasts were competitive affairs, in which the kinship groups displayed their wealth. During this time, the parents of the couple also gave their share of the family inheritance, which might consist of rice fields, carabaos, Chinese jars, plates, and beads. In China . Northern Kalinga children use the patteteg, ubeng, and saysay-op as toys. Until recently Kalinga people could be identified from a . Baradas, David. Dumaguete City: Silliman Music Foundation Inc. Becoming one of the six provinces of the Cordillera Administrative Region, Kalinga is bounded on the east by the Cagayan Valley, on the west by Abra, and on the south by Mountain Province. Alternatively, a popular entrance song that might be played is the salidummay. The most significant changes brought about by Spanish activities during the late 19th century was the improvement of trade and friendly relations among the, Macli-ing Dulag, Kalinga chieftain killed for leading the protest against the construction of dams (Photo by Lin Neumann in Macli-ing Dulag: Kalinga Chief Defender of the Cordillera by Ma. During pregnancy, both husband and wife must avoid places like pools and waterfalls where Ngilin, the malevolent pygmy-like water spirit, resides. . A Study in American Civilization. [23][24], Common Kalinga tattoo motifs include centipedes (gayaman), centipede legs (tiniktiku), snakes (tabwhad), snakeskin (tinulipao), hexagonal shapes representing snake belly scales (chillag), coiled snakes (inong-oo), rain (inud-uchan), various fern designs (inam-am, inalapat, and nilawhat), fruits (binunga), parallel lines (chuyos), alternating lines (sinagkikao), hourglass shapes representing day and night (tinatalaaw), rice mortars (lusong), pig's hind legs (tibul), rice bundles (sinwhuto or panyat), criss-crossing designs (sina-sao), ladders (inar-archan), eagles (tulayan), frogs (tokak), and axe blades (sinawit). Meanwhile, southern Kalinga, Bontok, and Ifugao were uninfluenced by both Spaniards and Christianized lowlanders. Monpaot Cordillera Functional Sculpture. The pagta di bodong are the laws governing the bodong that have been deliberated upon by the leaders of two conflicting tribes. Its square frame exhibits fine precision, the space between its splayed feet reinforced by a flat wooden brace, thus making it sturdy even under heavy load. To celebrate and commemorate their victories, the Kalinga warriors would acquire special markings with patterns as tattoos. They try to resolve contradictions amicably, and no action or penalties are imposed that have not been agreed on. The slaying of Macli-ing Dulag further united the northern peoples. Today, traditional Kalinga houses are very rare. Red, for instance, symbolizes bravery while black represents the earth or the ground. Pedro Dungoc: Kalinga Warrior, Peoples Martyr. Bulatlat.com, 14-20 December. Today, all peace pacts are recorded in writing. The rafters (pongo), fastened below the upper pisipis (beam of the outside wall), are bowed over these purlins and drawn together over three small ridgepoles which carry little actual weight but form the ridging (panabfongan). Inside wealthy Kalinga houses are shelves or racks where heirloom pieces such as Chinese plates and jars are displayed. Demetrio, Francisco, Gilda Cordero-Fernando, Fernando N. Zialcita, and Roberto B. Feleo. These innovations in, design enable the Kalinga to share their cultural, heritage with more people while also allowing them, to preserve their sacred weaving tradition for many. The film features Fernando Poe Jr., a lowlander assigned to the area as its new police chief. It is said that Ifugao people . Another solo instrument is the bamboo kullitong (zither), which has five to nine strings made by lifting up thin strips from the hard skin of the bamboo tube itself. The kansauwan is the middle section with two sides called sipi, which are the slightly elevated sleeping areas. It was made in Pinili, Ilocos Norte, where some of the country's oldest weavers come from. Most vocal songs have seven syllables per line, such as the ullalim, the epic of the eastern and southern Kalinga. Courageous warriors were known as maalmot (brave warrior) or mingol (one who has killed many). Cultural origin Kalinga Date mid 20th century Media category Textile Materials used cotton, shells, beads; brocade Dimensions 77.5 x 103.0 cm Credit Gift of Dr John Yu and Dr George Soutter 2005 . Cordillera Monograph 04. The Kalinga legal system is based on Kalinga custom law, a body of regulations verbally transmitted from generation to generation. http://www.cwearc.org/main/. Red was an expensive color in 17th-century France because at the time, the dye was made from a little bug found in Mexican cactus, the cochineal. Lewis, Paul M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig, eds. In the old pagta, the bodong holder and his relatives were expected to immediately avenge the death or injury suffered by a member of their ili. 1995. What is similarities of Kalinga textile? These same designs also appear on lime containers and textiles. The souls of the dead are said to enter the skyworld, where a special zone is reserved for them. The men flourish their blankets toward their partners. Gabao, Larry A. [6][2], The 1970s marked the heyday of Robusta coffee production in Kalinga province, but a trader monopoly in the 1980s led to prices being kept so low that Kalinga farmers shifted to other crops like Corn. Scott further describes the octagonal house of the Kalinga in Bangad: the three floor joists, two girders and four posts, which form the foundation of the house are called fat-ang, oling and tuod respectively, and riding on top of the joists are two beams or stringers that run from front to back called anisil or fuchis. 1994. [7], More recently, Kalinga author John Donqui-is, in an article published by the Philippines' National Commission for Culture and the Arts, identifies 31 Kalinga subtribes. Sometimes, a string of beads in place of the headband is used. The suggiyaw is a rice harvest song; dandan-ag, a funeral song; goygoy, a lullaby; tugom, a rice-pounding song; iwwayat, a debating song; and the dagdag-ay, a nostalgia song. Isu nga ayan ju na sobre anna ta lumagaw-aju. Kalinga became increasingly neglected, as evidenced by the poor maintenance and declining construction of roads and trails. accessories such as table runners, placemats, bags, and purses, among others. Billiet, Francisco, and Francis Lambrecht. The skills and artistry in both weaving and embroidery reflect the mastery and the vastness of knowledge of the different indigenous cultural communities in the country by creating weaves that sustain their lives and preserve and uphold their traditional weaving heritage. Thus, the first 18 months of life are marked by a complex set of rituals known as kontad (northern Kalinga) or kontid (southern Kalinga), which protect young children from evil spirits. Grandparents play a major role in child rearing while parents work in the fields. Some of them, however, already migrated to Mountain Province, Apayao, Cagayan, and Abra. Manila: Folk Arts Theater. Cement tombs may lie in the front yard of houses. Tabuk City: PPDO-Kalinga. Many Kalinga, especially those living in the hinterlands, settle on leveled or terraced areas on the slopes of steep mountains situated near waterways. They identify songs according to the melodies, with the corresponding texts determined by the occasion, varying with each rendition. The Kalinga continue to actively preserve their musical heritage despite social changes. Thus, such territorial change resulted in the five sub-provinces: Benguet, Bontoc, Ifugao, Kalinga, and Apayao. 1998. Strictly, Kalinga stretched no farther south than the Godavari River, thus excluding Vengi (the territory between that river and the Krishna River). [8], Lastly, the NCCA article says that to the east of the province, the Municipality of Tanudan is home to the Dacalam, the Lubo, the Mangali, and the Taloctoc; the Municipality of Rizal is home to the Gammonnang; and the City of Tabuk is home to the Biga, the Nanong, and the Calaccad (although the article also identifies the Calaccad as Gaddang). When referring to the tribe, Ifugao is named after the term i-pugo ("i" meaning from/people and "pugo" meaning hill), which literally translates to "people of the hill.". The northern Kalinga women wears saya, an ordinary woman's skirt covering the body from waist to feet. We proudly support many artisans from the Philippines and Pinoy-owned brands. Several small lakes can also be found in the Kalinga. Exchange your unworn items within 30 days. 2003. ), Kalinga farmers carrying rice harvest (SIL International), Kalinga girl with a stack of water pots on her head (American Historical Collection), Saking, a Kalinga warrior chief (National Geographic, 1912, Mario Feir Filipiniana Library), Kalinga Social Organization, Culture and Customs, Modern Kalinga wedding in Balatoc, 2012 (Milo A. Paz), Religious Beliefs and Practices of the Kalinga People, Burial ceremony for an upper-class Kalinga girl (Mario Feir Filipiniana Library), A house on posts whose space underneath has been enclosed by logs, Lubuagan, Kalinga (National Geographic, 1913, Mario Feir Filipiniana Library), Kalinga weaver using traditional loom (SIL International), Kalinga Traditional Costume & Tattoo Culture, Famous Kalinga tattoo artist Whang Od, 2014 (Fred Wissink), Kalinga grain container (CCP Collections), Kabunyan hunting with his two dogs (Illustration by Luis Chua), Banna and Laggunawa (Illustration by Luis Chua), Kalinga musical instruments, from top: tungali, bungkaka, olimong, and patangug (Photos by Cesar Hernando, CCP/Lucrecia R. Kasilag Collection), Kalinga men dancing with gangsa (A Philippine Album, American Era Photographs 1900-1930 by Jonathan Best. When the boy reached the age of 12 to 14, he was taken to the girls house by his relatives, who observed the omens and taboos. Copy. [17][18], In 2007, a Discovery Channel series hosted by American anthropologist Lars Krutak featured the tattoo work of Butbut mambabatok Whang-od Oggay. Studies on Kalinga Ullalim and Ifugao Orthography. For Kalinga women, the story of getting a tattoo is quite different. The soul passes through the farthest region of the lagud when they leave the earth days after being buried. By June, the second crop called oyak are planted in house gardens and transplanted in the rice fields by July. A few Kalinga still use dogs to hunt deer or wild boar. The bodong, besides being a political and social institution, is the venue for the performance of the peoples traditional music and dance. They observe a yearlong mourning, during which the closest relatives of the deceased are forbidden from eating certain kinds of food. Kalinga, ancient territorial subdivision of east-central India. Community: Kalinga Origin: Province of Kalinga The Kalinga textiles exhibit motifs executed as though they are embedded in the geometry of weaving itself. They wear the same blankets worn by the men. [5] They are mainly found in Kalinga province which has an area of 3,282.58 sq. They also tattoo their forearms and a part of their upper arms. Kalinga similarities. Ah-gwanna titolon na luta ju? The occasion was a galigad (transfer of the peace pact from father to son). It has a distinct dialogue, between red and blue, expressing itself in broad red, and blue bands of plain or twill weave, and creating. Courtship begins when the boy tries to get the attention of a girl. Author/s: Rosalie S. Matilac (1994) / Updated by Scott Saboy, with contributions from Gonzalo A. Campoamor II, and Rosario Cruz-Lucero (2018), URL: https://epa.culturalcenter.gov.ph/1/2/2355/. Simultaneously they strafed and set fire to the house of Pedro Dungoc, Macli-ing Dulags neighbor and spokesperson who had also written the pagta (law) for the bodong that unified the Cordillera elders against the dam. By: Rina Jimenez-David - @inquirerdotnet. Worcester, Dean C. 1906 October. It corresponds to present-day northern Telangana, northeastern Andhra Pradesh, most of Odisha, and a portion of Madhya Pradesh states. The blouse is called "Kegal Bentilas" and the skirt is called "Lewek tedeyung". The Last Filipino Headhunters. In the salidsid dance, a Kalinga maiden expresses her choice between two men. The Kalinga weavers, particularly in the upper Kalinga area, put textures on the striped bands using twill-weave technique. The same kind of pouch hangs from the neck or is tucked at a strip of cloth at their waist. This burden basket has a much deeper foot below the actual container of the basketthe Kalinga are taller than other mountain peoples and this structure facilitates the raising of the basket on their backs when they squat. The next morning, Kabunyan told the people of Dacalan that whenever they were to go hunting, they must perform the awad for the spirits who owned the wild game, and a share to be given to Kabunyan. Mountain Arbiters: The Changing Life of a Philippine Hill People. Folk Architecture. Mainstream film Ang Pagbabalik ng Probinsyano (1987), tells the story of a fictional Kalinga tribe whose ancestral domain is threatened by a Manila-based mining company. The Gaddang are a tribal group to the north-east of Manila, in the provinces of Isabella and Cagayan. If it is a letter, I do not know how to read. Back in the day, women also had no upper clothing but due to the influence of the times, the blouses are worn by the Kalinga women now. Interview by Scott Saboy, Dagupan, Tabuk City, Kalinga, 20 December. The kayaw, which has two acts, is a narrative that relates how Bulla-ig goes to a suicidal headhunt at the edge of their cosmos after a quarrel with his wife over a woman. Heirlooms include Chinese plates (panay), jars (gosi), and gongs (gangsa). The square-shaped Kalinga house is known as foruy in Bangad, buloy in Mabaca, fuloy in Bugnay, phoyoy in Balbalasang, and biloy in Lubuagan. Soon, the mountain peoples discovered that the conduct of the revolutionary troops stationed in the main centers was no different from that of the Spanish forces. The territory of the Isneg people of the Apayao basin intervenes between the Kalinga and the sea. Other economic activities of the Kalinga are food processing, metal craft or ironworks, loom weaving, basketry, and pottery. Thus, trade and Spanish activities in the mid-1850s resulted in the acculturation of northern Kalinga. Under the old pagta, part of their task was to kill a fellow tribe member who killed a kabodong (a member from a friendly tribe). The family observes these food taboos: beef, cows milk, eel, frogs, gabi (tubers), and dog meat. Binodngan and non-binodngan immigrant communities in Tabuk each have one representative in the council. The supreme being of the Kalinga is Kabunyan, who is said to have once lived with them. Quezon City: GCF Books. Their riddle is the af-af-fok. The female traditional clothes of the T'boli tribe is called "Kegal T'boli". Meaning: The lizard is a symbol of wealth and good fortune. Rev. Mountain symbols are embroidered in yellow, a color that also symbolizes wealth and . The taggitag are heard in big ritual celebrations played exclusively by men, whereas the tongatong are played by women in smaller rites for harvest and curing. They also make household articles like wooden containers, bowls, dishes, ladles, and a variety of baskets and pots. A History of the Mountain Province, rev. Additional Information? The tubag requests tribal spirits to bring the child prosperity and protection against disease, and the dopdopitis issung at the childs first bath outside the house. The father must not wander outside the perimeter of the village during the restriction period. 2007. Textile art has a long history. Lvl 2. Adalem was sentenced to a 14-year imprisonment in November 1983, but militarization continued. How can you own that which will outlive you?). Two of the more popular contemporary ethnopop bands are Saliw Music, founded by Arnel Banasan of Pasil, and The Living Anitos, led by Edison Balansi of Balbalan. The Kalinga weavers, particularly in the upper Kalinga area, put textures on the striped bands using twill-weave technique. Banasan-Kapunos Kanana Kanu (And So It Was Said), regarded as the first Kalinga community-produced film, is set in Balinciagao, Pasil, and draws on the ullalim. The members of the Butbut culture group inhabit five villages of southern Kalinga: Buscalan, Lokkong, Butbut Proper, Ngibat, and Bugnay. [6][2], They use the uniquely shaped Kalinga head ax (sinawit), bolo (gaman/badang), spears (balbog/tubay/say-ang), and shields (kalasag). This is a modern reproduction of the traditional striped Gaddang textiles embroidered with small white beads. In a protest march, 300 men and women took tents, cots, kerosene lamps, shovels, and all the construction equipment they could carry as they walked from late afternoon till early the next morning to the provincial military headquarters at the town center.
