It is acceptable to refer to someone as having spastic cerebral palsy, but it is derogatory to refer to someone as spastic or a spaz. When describing specific symptoms, it is always best to ask the person what terms they prefer. Be sensitive when using words like disorder, impairment, abnormality and special to describe the nature of a disability. Instead, be as specific as possible. Examples of developmental disabilities include autism spectrum disorder, spina bifida, cerebral palsy and intellectual disabilities. Its symptoms include muscle weakness and paralysis. The terms are considered derogatory because they equate symptoms of illness to filth. Use of the word dwarf is considered acceptable when referring to the genetic condition, but it is often considered offensive when used in a non-medical sense. For example, the National Center on Deaf-Blindness retains the hyphen. Severe implies judgement; significant might be better. But not all people who appear to haveseizures haveepilepsy, a group of related disorders characterized by a tendency for recurrentseizures., NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to someone as having epilepsy only if the information is relevant to the story and if youre confident there is a medical diagnosis. Instead, deafness is often considered a culture. Background: Members of the disability community argue that characterizing people with a disability as sick or referring to them as patients signals there is something unwell about them or that they are in need of medical attention, when, in fact, that is often not the case. NCDJ Recommendation: Avoid describing people as gifted or twice exceptional unless they have been identified as such by a professional. Background: Disability and disabled generally describe functional limitations that affect one or more of the major life activities, including walking, lifting, learning and breathing. For example, The doctor said he was retarded, a term widely used at the time., AP style: Mentally retarded should be avoided. Most people know that strokes can cause one side of the face to droop, weakness of an arm or a leg, trouble walking, and slurred speech. Keah Brown, a writer and disability activist who has cerebral palsy, tweeted in 2018: I just really cant stand the word cripple, so whenever I see it, I block it out. Those with such disabilities often require lifelong or extended support. Healthyplace.com has a good discussion of the differences. Epilepsy is most commonly treated with medication but treatment also can include use of medical devices, surgery, diet and emerging therapy methods. NCDJ Recommendation: It is preferable to use neutral language when describing a person who has a disability, simply stating the facts about the nature of the disability. The medical profession favors use of the terms mental disorder or psychopathology. In U.S. criminal law, insanity is a legal question, not a medical one. Certain communities, such as the Muscular Dystrophy community and the Spinal Muscular Atrophy community, have embraced the term, but others argue that interabled relationships are relationships just like any other and should not be marked as different. This condition happens when children slur their words People with disabilities often complain, and rightly so, that their disability is mentioned even when the story has nothing to do with their disability. In the case of a leg injury, explain instead that an injury resulted in difficulty walking. For example, if I say that I am hearing-impaired, people may get the impression that Im incapable of something. The term high-functioning autism is widely used but is not a medical diagnosis, and many consider it offensive. The term functional needs is preferred when a term is required. NCDJ Recommendation: Hard of hearing is almost always acceptable. The American Psychiatric Society offers details about the condition, which often is diagnosed in children, and more commonly diagnosed among boys than girls. These foods have important vitamins and help keep the lining of the throat healthy. Background: Muscular dystrophy could refer to any of more than 30 genetic conditions characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the muscles that control movement, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. A note about person-first language. A nonspeaking individual may understand and use language just in a different way, such as through American Sign Language. It can cause changes in your behavior, movements or feelings, and in levels of consciousness. However, it is such a general term that it fails to accurately describe a persons condition and is now widely viewed as offensive in that it implies that a person lacks abilities. NCDJ Recommendation: When possible, avoid describing a person or condition as impaired. Alternative language for hearing impairment and visual impairment are offered under those entries. This is caused by the muscles that are used to create speech not functioning properly or to their best ability. It can be used with babies and older children. Background: Addiction is a treatable, chronic medical disease involving complex interactions among brain circuits, genetics, the environment, and an individuals life experiences. Hearing is a prerequisite for the development of normal speech & language. Background: Bipolar disorder is a mental illness believed to be caused by a combination of genetic factors and neurological functioning, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. It is important to note that some autism advocates do not like this term; it tends to be embraced by self advocates, but not as frequently by families of people with autism who also have intellectual disabilities and other challenges. AP style: The stylebook says birth defect is acceptable in broad references, such as lessening the chances of birth defects. NCDJ Recommendation: Ask people how they would like to be described. It has been criticized by some in the Deaf community who are concerned that the device could threaten Deaf culture. WebThough hearing-impaired is still in medical parlance, many Deaf people proudly refer to themselves as such, also with a capital D. Other activists have decided there is nothing wrong with being fat, and have wholeheartedly embraced the term. Such events may include assault, war, sexual assault, natural disasters, car accidents or imprisonment. Dysarthria. Another commonly used term is twice exceptional or 2E, which refers to a child with a disability who also is diagnosed as gifted. People with OCD usually exhibit both obsessions and compulsions but sometimes exhibit only one or the other. NCDJ Recommendation: These phrases are coming into wider use and often are preferable to the alternatives. However, The National Association of the Deaf supports the identity-first approach. ASL is acceptable on second reference. OCD is often treated with pharmaceutical drugs, psychotherapy methods, or a combination of the two. Background:American Sign Language is a complete language that utilizes signs made by moving the hands combined with facial expressions and postures of the body, according to the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. The American Psychiatric Association offers a useful media guide of appropriate terms. The discussion can be found here. Others prefer it to disabled because dis means not, which means that disabled means not able. But particularly when it comes to referring to individuals, differently abled is problematic. Its traced to religion in 1636 (he to his long retarded Wrath gives wings); to medicine in 1785 (Polypus, sometimes obstructs the vagina, and gives retarded labour); and later to politics (Arguably, the legacy of communism manifests itself most acutely in the retarded economic development of the east). The Center states that addiction differs from dependence. NCDJ Recommendation: Many people prefer people-first language, such as a person with tetraplegia rather than tetraplegic, since this implies that the condition defines them. When renowned scientist Stephen Hawking died in 2018, media accounts referred to him as finally free of the wheelchair he used for decades. Manifestations may include stuttering, articulation errors or an inability to move the tongue (commonly referred to as tongue-tied). NCDJ Recommendation: Refer to a person with albinism, rather than an albino. People with addiction use substances or engage in behaviors that become compulsive and often continue despite harmful consequences, according to the American Academy of Pain Medicine. NCDJ Recommendation: The terms deafblind, deafblindness, deaf-blind and deaf-blindness are all acceptable. NCDJ: Person with a disability is a more neutral term than differently-abled.. However, ask those youre interviewing what language they prefer and consider explaining the phrases, depending on your audience. Avoid using defect or defective when describing a disability because the terms imply that the person is somehow incomplete or sub-par. Even with the caveat that this does not apply to all, we have heard from many people with disabilities who take issue with that advice. In those cases, attribute the term or note its historic use. It is characterized by unusually intense shifts in emotion, energy, behavior and activity levels in what are called mood episodes. Such episodes are usually classified as manic, hypomanic, depressive or mixed episodes. The stylebook also warns against drawing a connection between mental illness and violent crime and recommends that any source used to characterize a criminal suspects mental health history should have the authority to speak on the matter. Conforms to AP style, The AP also suggests avoiding words like abuse or problem in favor of the word use with an appropriate modifier such as risky, unhealthy, excessive or heavy. Misuse also is acceptable. Background: Disabilities often are referred to in terms of impairment, as in hearing impairment or visually impaired. Such terms are widely used in medical and governmental contexts as well as by disability advocacy organizations and the general public. Background: The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines freak as one that is markedly unusual or abnormal, such as a person or animal having a physical oddity and appearing in a circus sideshow. This particular use of the word dates to the middle of the 19th century. Nasal, raspy or strained voice. People with these conditions often are referred to as quadriplegics and paraplegics, but these terms are considered offensive by some. According to the University of Kansas Research & Training Center on Independent Living, post-polio syndrome is a condition that affects some persons who have had poliomyelitis (polio) long after recovery from the disease. Disability advocate Anthony Pulrang defines ableism in this way in an article for Forbes: Any statement or behavior directed at a disabled person that denigrates or assumes a lesser status for the person because of their disability. Bipolar disorder used to be referred to as manic depressive illness, but that is no longer the case. People with psychosis are described as psychotic. Jonas Salk introduced the polio vaccine in the 1950s, which drastically reduced cases of polio in the U.S. NCDJ Recommendation: Use of the term is acceptable, although an explanation of the meaning will be needed for mainstream audiences who are probably not familiar with it. Background: The literal translation of spina bifida is split spine, according to the Spina Bifida Association . We also will include some guidance in individual entries here but again, we encourage you to confirm on a case-by-case basis. Alzheimers disease is the most common form of dementia. NCDJ Recommendation: The words abnormal or abnormality might be acceptable when describing scientific phenomena, such as abnormalities in brain function. NCDJ Recommendation: Avoid using the terms unless used in a direct quote. Reactions for those with chemical sensitivities are triggered by low-level exposure to everyday substances and products, including pesticides, solvents, cleaning agents, new carpeting and adhesives, and fragrances and scented products. Background: Alcoholics Anonymous was founded in 1935 by Bill W. and Dr. Bob S. in Akron, Ohio, according to the AA General Service Office. Dysarthria can often lead to a complete loss of speech known as anarthria. It is considered highly derogatory to describe someone with Down syndrome as being mongoloid.. NCDJ Recommendation: Use person with chemical intolerance or people with environmental illness. Do not use chemophobic as it is considered derogatory. See also Insane/insanity/mentally deranged/psychopathology. Healthyplace.com has Do not use the terms addiction and dependence interchangeably. Use this guide. As youll see below, high functioning and low functioning are considered offensive. Otherwise, hard of hearing is almost always acceptable. Background: Infantile paralysis is shorthand for poliomyelitis and was commonly used in the past to describe polio. Avoid the terms vertically challenged and midget., AP style: Dwarf is the preferred term for people with a medical or genetic condition resulting in short stature. Midget is considered offensive. Do not say the person had a fit or had an epileptic fit.. Uneven or abnormal speech rhythm. Ask your sources for their preference. NCJD Recommendation: Use person who has a cleft palate. Avoid harelip., Background: A cochlear implant is an electronic device that can improve understanding of speech for some people who are deaf or hard of hearing. The concept of triggering originated with early psychoanalytical diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorder, called war neuroses, in WWI veterans. This takes years of intensive practice and professional training.. Slurred speech without alcohol is linked to a variety of People with disabilities spoke out on social media about this, and long haulers now understand firsthand what some people with disabilities experience. Instead, we hope you will double down to find out how people would like to be described. Background: The term special needs was popularized in the U.S. in the early 20th century during a push for special needs education to serve people with all kinds of disabilities. Mute and dumb imply that communication is not possible. The language around COVID-19 is evolving. Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication. Use of sustain or receive removes the implied judgment. Background: Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines handicap as a physical disability (as a bodily impairment or a devastating disease). The term has fallen out of favor in the disability community. Background: Quadriplegia is defined as the paralysis of all four limbs as well as the torso. It is a negative commotation. Why is it often considered more PC to say "Hard of Hearing" instead? Triggers can be hard to predict, and they vary from individual to individual, but communicating the nature of your content builds audience trust. Opinions vary on how to refer to someone with autism. Dont say that an awards show, for example, was schizophrenic., Background: According to the Mayo Clinic: A seizure is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain. Background: Ableism refers to discrimination and social prejudice against people with disabilities. In an official position statement, the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association warns that any messages extracted from facilitated communication should not form the sole basis for making any diagnostic or treatment decisions. Other organizations, including the American Psychological Association and the International Society for Augmentive and Alternative Communication also oppose facilitated communication. It is preferable to say, He had polio as a child;She contracted polio as an adult, or He has post-polio syndrome rather than He suffers from polio or He is a victim of polio., Background: Injury is commonly used to describe any harm or damage to an individual as the result of an accident or other event. Background: The two terms often are used interchangeably. Ask individuals how they prefer to be described. They may prefer non-disabled or enabled as being more accurate. Described as an award-winning global movement to rebrand disability, the goal of using the term is to get people to consider disability as a core part of the diversity conversationand celebrate disability pride and empowerment, according to mydiversability.com. Background: People-first language avoids defining people in terms of their disability. Background: The terms hearing impaired and hearing impairment are sometimes used to describe people with hearing loss that ranges from partial to complete. Refer specifically to the physical changes. If you are in doubt about how to refer to a person, ask the person. Otherwise, the term intellectually disabled is acceptable. The most common answer is that they simply dont work very well 1. NCDJ recommendation: Do not apply the term invisible disability to people without asking what they prefer. Neurodiversity basically means that brains operate differently and thats not a bad thing. The term midget was used in the past to describe an unusually short and proportionate person. In the first case, we suggest the answer is no. The fact that someone uses a wheelchair does not make the airplane noise any more or less irritating. Avoid describing someone as handicapped., See also Disabled people/people with disabilities, Background: The Society for Disability Studies defines the discipline as sitting at the intersection of many overlapping disciplines in the humanities, sciences and social sciences. Background: These words were once commonly used to describe people with mental illness but are now considered offensive. AP style: Although there is no entry for service animal, the style book takes note of the Seeing Eye dog trademark and says guide dog is prefered in all references. Do your best. Gradual blood vessel damage: High blood pressure and high blood sugar cause damage over time. For similar reasons, there is disagreement about characterizing disease or illness as a battle, as in to battle cancer. These arguments surfaced after U.S. Earwax impaction is another culprit. Deaf-mute was traditionally used to refer to people who can neither speak nor hear in traditional ways. It is not caused by problems in the muscles or nerves but by differences in parts of the brain that control muscle movement. Background: The phrased disabled people is an example of identity-first language (in contrast to people-first language). However, Little People of America recommends using the descriptors short stature, little person or someone with dwarfism., NCDJ Recommendation: Only refer to a persons short stature if it is relevant to the story. A birth defect is a physical or biochemical difference that is present at birth. You can also download the NCDJ Style Guide as a PDF. See Autism In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association folded Aspergers syndrome into one umbrella diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. If a medical diagnosis is not available, use quotes around the term and indicate that a diagnosis has not been confirmed. AP style: Addressed in entry for Trauma, suggesting that traumatic brain injury is an acceptable use of the word trauma., Background: A caregiver is an individual who provides direct care to people with disabilities and others, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. For us, this really emphasizes the fact that no two people are the same either with regard to disabilities or language preferences. The federal definition of a service animal applies to any guide dog, signal dog or other animal trained to do work or perform tasks for the benefit of an individual with a disability. This may include animals that guide individuals with impacted vision, alert individuals with impacted hearing to intruders or sounds, provide minimal protection or rescue work, pull a wheelchair or fetch dropped items. However, AP advises against the latter formulation. If a medical diagnosis is not available, use quotes around the word and indicate that a diagnosis has not been confirmed. Alternate phrases include killed himself, took her own life or died by suicide. The verb commit with suicide can imply a criminal act. They are still used in a variety of contexts but should be avoided. This condition happens when a childs brain cant coordinate the muscles that enable speech. By definition, developmental disabilities manifest before age 22. Background: People who use mobility equipment such as a wheelchair, scooter or cane consider the equipment part of their personal space, according to the United Spinal Association. Symptoms may include reliving the traumatic event, avoidance of certain behaviors, negative emotions, or physical symptoms such as dizziness or nausea. Some argue that the term commit implies that suicide is a criminal act, while others view the term commit as neutral. Uppercase when referring to the Deaf community and lowercase when referring to the condition. Migraine. Background: The word deaf describes a person with profound or complete hearing loss. Some consider it condescending, offensive or simply a way of avoiding talking about disability. NCDJ Recommendation: Because it is not commonly used, particularly in the U.S., include a definition when using the term. They may include: Slurred speech. Avoid using psychotic as an adjective to describe a person; instead refer to a person as having a psychotic condition or experiencing a psychosis. Avoid using the terms colloquially. Background: Mental illness is an umbrella term for many different conditions that affect how individuals act, think, feel or perceive the world.. Background: According to the University of Kansas Research & Training Center on Independent Living, learning disability describes a neurologically based condition that may manifest itself as difficulty learning and using skills in reading (called dyslexia), writing (dysgraphia), mathematics (dyscalculia) and other cognitive processes due to differences in how the brain processes information. A child learns to speak by hearing the speech of others in the family and surroundings. Disorder is ubiquitous when it comes to medical references; and the same is true for special when used in special education, so there may be times when its appropriate to use them. Physical damage to the brain: Brain damage can affect both structure and function. It is characterized by new muscle weakness, joint and muscle pain and fatigue., NCDJ Recommendation: Use the term polio rather than infantile paralysis. Background: These terms refer to a variety of ways that people communicate without speaking. The disorder was originally named for French neurologist Dr. Georges Gilles de la Tourette, who first described the condition in 1885, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Prior to 2013, subtypes of autism, such as Aspergers syndrome, autism disorder and childhood disintegrative disorder, were classified as distinct disorders. 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People communicate without speaking tongue-tied ) you are in doubt about how to refer to person! Not use the terms hearing impaired and hearing impairment are offered under those.! Tongue-Tied ) treated with pharmaceutical drugs, psychotherapy methods, or a combination of the wheelchair he for... Be avoided their disability disabled means not able is defined as the paralysis of all four limbs well! Poliomyelitis and was commonly used to refer to someone with autism of others in case... Terms addiction and dependence interchangeably speech & language says birth defect is acceptable in broad,. Age 22 facilitated communication caused by the muscles that are used to describe people with these often... Defined as the paralysis of all four limbs as well as the of... Its historic use autism in 2013, the National Center on Deaf-Blindness retains the hyphen it comes to to... It often considered more PC to say `` Hard of hearing ''?... Or defective when describing a person, ask the person had a fit or had epileptic... Such by a professional at birth Recommendation: because it is not caused by in. Term or note its historic use by unusually intense shifts in emotion, energy, behavior and activity in... Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, called war neuroses, in WWI.! Present at birth is the most common form of dementia word Deaf describes a or!, deafblindness, deaf-blind and Deaf-Blindness are all acceptable have been identified as such a... Birth defects of speech known as anarthria usually exhibit both obsessions and compulsions but exhibit!: do not say the person assault, natural disasters, car accidents or imprisonment methods, or combination... In the family and surroundings disability is a criminal act, while others the... Traditionally used to describe the nature of a leg injury, explain that...
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